Useful information for tourists about Hungary, cities and resorts of the country. As well as information about the population, currency of Hungary, cuisine, features of visa and customs restrictions in Hungary.
Geography of Hungary
Hungary is a state in Central Europe, bordering Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia.
The Danube River crosses Hungary almost in the middle; another river, the Tisza, flows to the east; both are from north to south. The total area of the country was equally divided into lowlands and mountains of medium height.
Most The right bank of the Danube is occupied by a hilly plain - Transdanubia, which is crossed by a strip of limestone mountains with plateau-like massifs and a height of 400–700 m. Higher mountains stretch along the north-eastern border of Hungary, reaching their maximum value in the Matra massif. The highest point in Hungary, Mount Kekes (1015 m), is also located here.
West of the Danube is Lake Balaton - the largest not only in the country, but throughout Central Europe. This is the warmest lake in the region.
State
State structure
The form of government is a parliamentary republic. The head of state is the president. The head of government is the prime minister. Parliament is a unicameral National Assembly, elected by the population for a term of four years.
Language
Official language: Hungarian
Many Hungarians speak English, German or Russian.
Religion
Catholics - 67%, Protestants (mainly Lutherans and Calvinists) - 25%, Jews.
Currency
International name: HUF
1 forint = 100 fillers. Coins: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 forints. Banknotes: 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10000 for.
Currency exchange can only be done at official exchange offices, and a certificate of currency exchange must be kept until leaving the country.
History of Hungary
Modern Hungary was in ancient times part of the Roman province of Pannonia and was one of the first to be conquered by Germanic tribes in the second century AD. After this, the country was under the rule of the Huns, Avars and Franks. At the end of the 9th century, Pannonia was captured by the Madya Rami.
Stephen I (the Saint) became the first king of the Hungarians in 1000, receiving the blessing of Pope Sylvester II. For almost 300 years, the Kingdom of Hungary was independent, but after the Mongol invasion in 1241, royal power began to weaken and early XIV centuries, foreign dynasties began to rule the country.
In 1521, Turkey began a successful war against the Hungarian king, after which the country actually broke up into several relatively independent regions and remained in this state for almost 150 years. At the beginning of the 18th century, power in the country passed to the Austrian royal house of Habsburg, and another 150 years later, Austria and Hungary became independent kingdoms under the rule of one emperor, and in 1867 Austria-Hungary arose.
On November 11, 1918, the empire was officially liquidated, and five days later Hungary was proclaimed a republic. In the 1920s, the monarchy was restored with the establishment of the pro-fascist Horthy regime, but in 1945 Hungary again became a republic. One of the important, albeit dark, pages of Hungarian history is the 1956 uprising, suppressed by Soviet troops.
In 1989, the Hungarian People's Republic was renamed the Hungarian Republic, the communists were effectively removed from power, and in March-April 1990 the first free multi-party elections were held in 45 years. Hungary is a member of the UN, IMF, World Bank, GATT, Council of Europe.
Popular attractions
Tourism in Hungary
Where to stay
Hungary attracts numerous tourists not only with its magnificent nature, but also with its excellent climate and numerous healing springs and thermal centers. Accommodation in Hungary offers many options to suit every taste. The official classification of hotels was adopted in Hungary in 2003. The gradation is generally accepted in Europe: from two to five stars.
In Hungary, you can stay in one of the fashionable hotels, where, in addition to excellent service and a beautiful, well-thought-out interior, you can enjoy a continental breakfast, the opportunity to use a fitness room, parking, a beauty salon or a hairdresser. Two or three star hotels offer acceptable service for a very affordable fee. Breakfast is included in the room rate; you should check the amenities in advance, as some rooms do not have a bathroom or toilet.
In resort areas, you can stay in one of the SPA hotels, which also range from two to five stars. Here, in addition to accommodation, guests can take advantage of spa services and treatment procedures. A higher level of service and a wide range of health services are provided by wellness hotels (graded from three to five stars).
In Hungary, you can also stay in a garni hotel, that is, one that does not have a restaurant. This is compensated by comfortable living conditions and relatively low fees. And the presence of numerous cafes and restaurants in the immediate vicinity will help solve food problems.
In addition, you can rent apartments. The cost of living here will depend both on the level of service and on proximity to historical monuments or thermal resorts. As a rule, apartments are rented for any period of time. During the tourist season, you should make reservations in advance.
Popular hotels
Excursions and attractions in Hungary
Hungary is one of the most famous thermal spas in Europe. Picturesque nature, healing springs and also many historical and architectural attractions make holidays in Hungary varied and unforgettable.
One of Hungary's most famous attractions is Lake Balaton, the largest lake in central Europe. Balaton and its coastal area have long been famous for their mineral and thermal springs, and are also considered the most popular resort in Hungary. In the northwest of Lake Balaton is the small town of Heviz, and next to it, in the crater of a long-extinct volcano, is the lake of the same name - the largest thermal lake in Europe and the most popular place for spa treatment, the main specialization of which is the treatment of the musculoskeletal system .
A very popular destination is the picturesque Tihany Peninsula, which divides Lake Balaton into two parts. The main attraction of the peninsula is the Benedictine Abbey of St. Agnoche, built in the Baroque style. Along the northern shore stretches the Balaton Upland National Park with stunning volcanic landscapes. It also includes the Kish-Balaton conservation area. Above the shore of the lake rises Mount Badocany, which is famous for its vineyards. Among the most famous resorts of Lake Balaton, it is also worth highlighting Balatonfüred with its sources of carbonic waters, Tapolca with its famous caves (the air of the caves is considered very beneficial for the respiratory system), Siófok, which is cultural center Balaton, Keszthely with beautiful architectural monuments and picturesque Balatonlelle with beautiful beaches. On the Balaton coast is the city of Sümeg, famous for the largest and one of the most ancient fortresses in the country.
The capital of Hungary, Budapest, located on the banks of the Danube, is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful cities in the world. Budapest impresses with various historical, architectural and cultural monuments. The main cultural center of the city is Andrássy Avenue with a huge number of famous buildings (the avenue is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List). Among the most famous attractions in Budapest, the most famous are: the Royal Palace (Buda Castle), St. Stephen's Basilica, the Parliament Building, Vajdahunyad Castle, the National History Museum of Hungary, the Aquincum Museum, the Opera House, Gresham Palace, Matthias Church, the Central Synagogue and the Freedom Bridge. The capital is also famous for its baths with thermal springs and healing water. The baths are located at the foot of the Buda Mountains, which are also famous for their stunningly beautiful caves. In the very center of Budapest, in the middle of the Danube, there is the picturesque Margaret Island with healing thermal and mineral springs. Budapest has a huge number of excellent restaurants that offer both traditional Hungarian dishes and masterpieces of world cuisine.
Debrecen is a famous European balneological resort. The most famous sights of the city are the Reform Cathedral, the Deri Museum, Cathedral St. Anne's, Nagyördő Thermal Park, City Hall, Windmill (the largest in Central Europe), University building and much more.
Hungary is also famous for its ancient castles, among which the most interesting are: Brunswick Castle (Martonvasar), Grasszalkovich Castle (Gedel), Festhejic Palace (Keszthely), Wimpfen Castle (Erd), Siklos Fortress and the ruins of the king's castle Matvey Corvina in Visegrad.
Hungarian cities and resorts such as Veszprem, Miskolc, Pecs, Szeged, Győr, Vyšehrad, Hajdúszoboszló, Lillafüred and Nyregyháza are also popular among tourists.
Hungarian cuisine
Hungarian cuisine is characterized by dishes rich in harmonious taste, made using red peppers, onions, tomatoes and capsicums: the famous Hungarian goulash, chicken paprikash with dumplings and cabbage rolls.
The consumption of snacks in Hungary is very limited. The most popular are ham with horseradish, Hungarian sausage with salami, champignons in eggs and goose liver fried in lard, and meat salads.
The assortment of first courses is extensive. Among them, the first place is occupied by fish soup (halaszle) and chicken broth (ujhazi). Fish soup is prepared from different types of fish using paprika, both a spice and fresh, tomatoes and onions.
Paprika plays a leading role in almost all national dishes - for example, goulash, perekelt, tokan and paprikash. Goulash is a cross between a soup and a meat stew, perekelt is a stew in which chopped onions predominate, tokan is a dish similar to perekelt, but paprikash is the name for all dishes with sour cream sauce and paprika.
Popular flour dishes include noodles with cottage cheese, roll (with cherries, cottage cheese, poppy seeds), as well as shomloi and vargabelesh dumplings. Soup is usually served as the first course, followed by the main course and dessert.
The most famous Hungarian wine is Tokaji, which for centuries has held the honorary title of “king of wines and king wines.” The most valuable variety is “Tokay Asu”, the quality of which improves as late harvest grapes are added to the wine.
Hungarian beers Dreher, Aranyaszok, Kobanyai, Soproni and Bak. The most famous variety of champagne is Terley.
Hungarian cuisine is characterized by dishes rich in harmonious taste, made using red peppers, onions, tomatoes and capsicums: the famous Hungarian goulash, chicken paprikash with dumplings and cabbage rolls....
Tips
In restaurants, service is not included in the bill, so, as a rule, they tip 10-20% of the final amount. The same applies to hairdressers, beauty salons, taxis and other types of services.
Visa
Office hours
In Budapest, grocery stores and shopping centers are usually open from 07:00 to 19:00 on weekdays, and from 07:00 to 13:00 on Saturdays. On Sundays, only some large supermarkets are open until 14:00. Clothing and other consumer goods stores and department stores are open from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on weekdays, and on Saturdays from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m.
Museums are usually open daily from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., closed on Mondays. Many museums are open for free one day a week. Banks are open on weekdays from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., on Fridays from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m., and closed on Saturdays and Sundays.
Purchases
VAT on industrial goods in Hungary is 25%, on products and services - 12%. Foreigners leaving Hungary can claim the tax amount if the unit value of the goods exceeds 50 thousand Ft. This rule does not apply to antiques and works of art. There are several offices in Budapest where you can make tax-free purchases. But the refund will not be more than 18% of 25%.
You can get a tax refund from customs when you leave the country. Refunds will only be made in forints. If you paid with a credit card when purchasing, the amount may be transferred to your bank account. In this case, make sure that the customs office has stamped the receipt.
The national Hungarian menu is distinguished by an abundance of seasonings. They may or may not be very spicy, but dried paprika is universally revered, highlighting the rich and rich taste of local dishes. The dishes are very satisfying, there are vegetarian options, but in most cases, meat or fish will be an indispensable component.
The most famous Hungarian dish, which is popular outside the country, is goulash. At a local restaurant you should definitely order halasle soup, paprikash, perkelt, as well as a piece of trout, which is bred in the cold mountain lakes of the country. Another Hungarian culinary invention, loved all over the world, is PICK dry salami sausage. This delicious snack can be stored for quite a long time even without refrigeration. Many tourists bring salami and different types paprika to your homeland as a traditional gift instead of boring magnets.
It is in Hungary that you can try dozens of varieties of real Tokaj wine, the “Bull’s Blood” drink, and the national vodka “Palinka”. High-quality alcohol, like salami, can be bought at the market or in a good supermarket. Keep in mind that Tokaj wine differs in its aging, harvest time, and sweetness.
One cannot fail to mention the opportunity to taste the delicacy of foie gras, which in Europe is permitted for production and sale only here and in France. This is goose liver taken from birds raised using special technology.
Separately, we can talk about confectionery products, which are just as tasty and satisfying as the main dishes. Among the most popular, included in the “obligatory” tourist program: gundel pancakes, sweet chestnuts with sour cream or cream, retesh roll, chocolate biscuit dumplings, various strudels and, of course, marzipan.
Shopping
Not only salami and Tokaj wine are taken from Hungary as original souvenirs, but also local bitters, for example, Unicum. It is worth taking a closer look at the unusual national Halash lace and embroidery, which folk craftsmen make by hand using ancient traditional technologies. The dolls in Hungarian clothes and ceramics look wonderful. All this is created and painted by hand.
Porcelain products from Zsolnay and Herend factory are also popular because they have highest quality and are considered a national treasure. You can purchase gift sets of spices, marzipan figurines, and fruit palinka.
Compared to other European countries, Hungary has inexpensive but very high-quality clothing. You can buy whatever your heart desires in supermarkets, regular stores or at the market. The oldest and most beautiful is located in Budapest. On Monday-Friday, most grocery stores are open from 7.00 to 18.00, and on Saturday until approximately 12.00-13.00. Large supermarkets may be open much longer, sometimes around the clock. In summer, shops major cities They hold large-scale sales of clothing, shoes, and accessories.
The national currency is the Hungarian forint. As in other EU countries, in Hungary you can get a refund of value added tax on goods that were purchased in one store for at least 50 thousand forints. Money is returned in cash when crossing the state border at road checkpoints, the Danube International Port, at Ferihegy Airports 1 and 2, and at the IBUS office, which is located at the Eastern Bus Station.
Transport
The central transport hub of Hungary is Budapest, from which road and railway lines diverge like rays to smaller ones settlements. This is very convenient, but creates some difficulties when you need to get into the city on another “line”. However, with a rented car it is not difficult to get to any destination thanks to an extensive network of roads.
To rent a car, you need to have proof of your residence in Hungary (for example, a hotel extract), an international driving license, and a credit card. Instead of the last point, you can pay a deposit in cash. Must be over 21 years of age with at least 12 months of driving experience. There are speed limits on the roads and international traffic rules apply. The police in Hungary are very strict - breaking the rules can result in a large fine, and the slightest presence of alcohol in the blood will also lead to immediate arrest.
The bus service is well developed: you can be sure not only that the schedule will be strictly adhered to, but also that the transport will be exceptionally comfortable. The same applies to trains and ferries. The latter ply along the Danube and can even take the traveler to Vienna. As for air travel, they are designed mainly for international travel, although several flights also operate within the country.
Traveling in a taxi is completely safe. Cars of this service can be recognized by a characteristic inscription located in the door window. At the passenger's request, the driver will provide an invoice.
Finances and accommodation
The forint exchange rate may fluctuate slightly, but generally one dollar is equivalent to approximately 285 units of local currency. It is best to make an exchange at official points, banks, hotels, or special machines. Please note that at train stations and airports the exchange rate is slightly less favorable than in the city. Banks in Hungary are open only on weekdays, until a maximum of 16.00. But separate exchange offices in the center, as well as automatic machines and corresponding hotel services serve travelers 24/7.
Many tourists are surprised by the excellent ratio of the level of services and the cost of living in hotels. An average three-star hotel will offer the guest a cozy room with quality furniture, breakfast, and polite and helpful staff. Even in small establishments, employees often speak Russian, and always English, German, and Hungarian. ABOUT the highest level service in more prestigious hotels is needless to say.
Annual holidays
In addition to May 1, Easter, Christmas and New Year, a number of national holidays are celebrated in Hungary. Farshang is a holiday similar to Russian Maslenitsa, which came to these lands from Germany. The celebration takes place in the spring and is celebrated with carnival events.
Also, the beginning of the warm season is marked by National Revolution Day. On March 15, 1848, a powerful national movement against the royal Habsburg dynasty, which over time turned into a real Austro-Hungarian War.
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Books
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Having once visited a beautiful country in the middle of Europe, you really want to return there again. Hungary (Hungary) enchants at first sight; it is impossible not to fall in love with the beauty of Budapest, convey the sensations of visiting thermal springs, forget the taste of tart Tokaji wine and the Magyars’ favorite dish, goulash. Ancient fortresses and majestic cathedrals, beautiful architectural monuments and educational museums, the Budapest Parliament alone will take your breath away. The variety of markets and shops attracts shopping lovers. Let's get to know Hungary. What kind of country is it, is it worth visiting?
Geographical position
Hungarian Republic (Hungary - translated into English language) is a state in the very heart of Europe. The main part is located on the flat and slightly hilly territory of the Middle Danube Lowland. Therefore, agriculture accounts for a large part of the country's economy. The state borders in the south with Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia. From the west - with Austria, in the north - with Slovakia. Romania is located nearby in the east, and a small part joins Ukraine in the northeast.
The two largest rivers, the Danube and Tisza, flow through green, fertile fields from north to south. In the north, between Slovakia and Hungary, there are the higher Carpathian mountains (the highest peak is 1015 m - Kekes), in the west of the country there are the foothills of the Alps. Europe's largest lake, Balaton, is adjacent to forested hills. Not far from it are the famous karst North Bordoch Mountains with the popular and beautiful Aggtelek caves. But the main attraction of the country is its unique thermal springs. The entire tourism business in Hungary is based on resorts with thermal baths.
Climatic conditions
The area surrounded by mountains contributes to the formation of a unique warm climate in the central part of Europe. The average temperature in mid-summer does not exceed + 22 degrees, and in January it does not fall below - 1 degree. Long off-season periods are spring and autumn. In summer it sometimes rains. On frosty winter days, the Danube is often covered with a layer of ice. Snow can lie on the ground for up to 1 month. In winter, cold days are followed by periods of thaw.
Natural attractions
Hungary is a country, most of which is located in steppes and hilly areas. Hares, foxes, deer live there, otters live in the rivers, and beavers here and there. In mountainous areas you can often find wild boars. Birds include storks, cranes, herons, swallows, and steppe eagles. Typical trees of the Hungarian mountains are linden, chestnut, birch, and oak. On the shores of Lake Balaton, the authorities have organized the Kish-Balaton Nature Reserve for marsh bird species.
Not far from the lake there is an interesting karst cave called Lotsi with an underwater reservoir, along which tourists are taken on excursions by boat. The famous Tapolca caves have a unique microclimate due to the location of thermal springs in them. The Tihany Peninsula will interest not only nature lovers, but also architecture lovers. There is a beautiful ancient abbey there.
Near Mount Badacsony you can visit an area rich in various trees and rare plants. Botanical Garden Folley family, which is already 100 years old. The largest in the country will delight visitors national park Hortobágy.
Thermal springs of Hungary Hungary
What kind of country contains such rich reserves of thermal waters? Only in Hungary are there water sources filled with a unique composition of minerals. Near each of them, enterprising residents built medical and health complexes. Of course, the Hungarians have long understood the benefits that can be obtained from such abundance. Since ancient times, people have been healing with water throughout the country. The most popular among our tourists are the baths of Budapest. In the center of the city, in Varosliget Park, visitors can expect to see the Széchenyi Baths; Gellért, also loved by both townspeople and tourists, is located on the mountain of the same name, not far from the Royal Palace.
Holidays on the thermal lake Heviz with a water temperature of +33 degrees are also popular. There are too many bathhouses on the territory of Hungary. These are caves in the city of Miskolc, and the Zalakaros well at a depth of 2500 m, in which the water temperature is the highest (96 degrees). Many scientists from all over the world have repeatedly studied the quality of water and concluded that nowhere on the planet can one find such healing and unique thermal water.
What diseases are treated in baths?
People who have undergone bone and bone surgery come from all over Europe. connective tissues, various skin diseases, chronic diseases nervous system and inflammatory processes in the gynecological area. Even with infertility, doctors recommend a course of thermal procedures. Water helps to dissolve adhesions after surgery, restores skin in areas of scars and burns, and has a beneficial effect on osteoporosis and rheumatism. Baths are also useful simply for relieving tension after Locals spend the weekend and holidays in the baths with the whole family. Young people organize night discos in thermal pools. The entire life and work of many residents of the country is connected, in one way or another, with thermal springs, of which there are more than 60 thousand in the country.
The peculiarities of the country lie in its historical monuments of different times. The era of the Roman Empire left Romanesque temples, for example, Pannochalme, as a souvenir for the inhabitants. You can find fortresses of the Middle Ages (Eger, Siklos). The country has many unique palaces, castles, beautiful houses of the nobility and kings. Any Hungarian city has many architectural beauties worthy of tourist attention. This is the Grassalkovich castle with magnificent gardens, and the majestic Gothic temple in Nirbator.
You can see the residences of the Hungarian kings in Esztergom and Visegrad. Photos of Petchward Abbey will decorate a family album. Holidays on Lake Balaton with its hospitable resorts attract lovers of water adventures and fishing. Riding scooters, boats and water skis, windsurfing will provide entertainment on a hot day. On the shores of the lake, those who wish can undergo rehabilitation in balneological clinics.
Traveling around Budapest
Arriving in the capital, you are amazed at what kind of country it is? The Danube embankment is simply enchanting. On one side of the shore there is the most beautiful building in Europe, and perhaps in the world, the Budapest Parliament, on the other side there is the magnificent Royal Palace and a little further, on Mount Gellert there is an ancient building of the baths of the same name. After crossing the Count Széchenyi Bridge, you find yourself on the central pedestrian street Vaci. Walking along Andrássy Avenue and looking at the beautiful churches and theater, you find yourself on Heroes’ Square.
Behind it is the Városliget city park with the famous Széchenyi baths. After swimming, you can go to the central old market at the end of Vaci Street and buy fresh fruit and famous sausages. There is a shuttle bus from the market to the Campona shopping center, which houses the aquarium - a tropicarium with a long tunnel, where visitors feel like they are in the middle of the ocean with swimming sharks and many other exotic fish and creatures.
Hungarian cuisine
Experienced tourists know that no one will go hungry in Hungary. Wonderful meat, fish and vegetable dishes are full of variety. The country's favorite spice is paprika. It can be found in famous places. When you come here, you should definitely try traditional dishes. When ordering cold appetizers in a restaurant, be prepared for large portions and a variety of offerings: stuffed palacsinta with different fillings (from hungary in translation - pancakes), fried breaded goose liver - rantott libamajszeletek libamaj, stuffed red pepper - toltott paprika, etc. d.
Soups are served after appetizers; they are very thick and filling. So before ordering, think carefully about whether your stomach can handle such portions or not. The most popular soup in Hungary is the famous goulash - Gulyas leves. Includes a large number of meat, dumplings, vegetables. It is served in cauldrons with bread. Halasz Leves, or fish soup with tomatoes and, of course, paprika, includes several varieties of river fish. Vegetarians can please themselves by ordering lecho - Lecso.
When ordering wonderful and tasty dishes at the restaurant, do not forget to try the famous Tokaj wine. Since ancient times, grapes have been grown on the slopes of Mount Tokaj to produce this drink. This area of Hungary is included in the UNESCO list. Tokaji Aszu wine is made in a special way. The berries are left on the vine until the end of autumn. Due to the local climate, a specific mold appears on them, giving the wine an unusual taste.
The barrels are stored in ancient cellars, the length of which is about 40 km. The next famous brand of wine produced by Hungary producers is “Bull's Blood” (Bikaver). Each region is famous for its vineyards. It is held annually in Budapest. In numerous tasting rooms you can choose any variety you like and experience the taste of Hungary.
Tourist reminder
Before leaving, tourists are advised to learn more about the traditions and mentality of a given country in order to be fully prepared. Now the reader knows what kind of country Hungary is. A visa is required to enter. Currency - forint. Money is exchanged at special exchange points or banks. The official language is Hungarian. Many understand German, some understand English. Nobody speaks Russian. The majority of people are Catholics, but there are also Protestants. Hotels need to be booked in advance, as there is a large influx of tourists during the season. The people are friendly and talkative. They will always help you find a way or a tourist site. So before your trip, learn a few well-known phrases from a phrase book.
Hungary is a hospitable and beautiful country, tourists are always welcome. There is a lot of entertainment, the architecture is beautiful, the nature is pristine. Come, relax, get healthy! You will not regret!
With a total area of 93 thousand square meters. km.
Big cities: Miskolc, Szeged, Debrecen, Pecs.
Time: It is 2 hours behind Moscow.
Nature: Most of the territory of Hungary is occupied by the Central Danube Plain, in the western part of the country there is the hilly plain of Dunantul, to the east of the Danube there is the Alfeld lowland. In the west and north of Hungary there are spurs of the Alps and Carpathians, where the highest point of the country, the city of Kekes (1015 m), is located in the Matra massif. The river network of Hungary is part of the Danube basin, the main water artery of the country (length 417 km in Hungary). The largest tributaries are the Tisza, Keresh and Drava. Large lakes are Balaton, the Tisza reservoir and Lake Neusiedlersee, which is partly part of Hungary. A sixth of the country is covered with forests (oak, beech); a large part is occupied by mixed-grass steppes (Pashta) and agricultural land. National parks and Pashto reserves in the Hortobágy and Kecskemet regions.
Climate: Temperate continental, relatively dry with hot summers and cold winters. The average January temperature is about -1 C, the average July temperature is about +21 C.
Political system: Parliamentary republic. The head of state is the president. The head of the executive branch is the prime minister. The legislative body is the unicameral State Assembly.
Administrative division: 19 copper. Budapest is allocated as a separate district.
Population: Population 10.05 million people (2003). 97% are Hungarians, the rest are national minorities - Germans, Romanians, Slovaks, Gypsies, etc. Urban population 65%. Population density 108.0 people/km2.
Language: Hungarian (state), as well as English, German, Russian.
Religion: Catholics - 67%, Protestants (mainly Lutherans and Calvinists) - 25%, Jews.
Economy: Hungary is an industrial country with a highly developed agriculture. Horticulture and viticulture are highly developed. Mechanical engineering (including Ikarus buses), production of communications equipment, measuring instruments, machine tools, chemical, pharmaceutical, metallurgical (especially aluminum, based on bauxite deposits), textile, and food-flavoring industries are developed. Since 1989, production in material-intensive and energy-intensive industries created with the support of the USSR has been declining.
International tourism is of great importance. The stable position in the economy and society has made Hungary last years one of the most attractive countries for foreign investment in Eastern Europe.
Currency: Forint (HUF) equal to 100 fillers. Coins: 1, 2, 5.10, 20, 50,100 forints, banknotes: 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10000 forints.
Main attractions:
Almost the entire territory of the country is saturated with historical, cultural and natural monuments of world significance. Hungary ("Pannonia") was once eastern border During the Roman Empire and even before the Hungarians arrived here, Romans, Germanic and Slavic tribes lived in the middle reaches of the Danube. Treasure hunters are still looking for the grave of Attila, the legendary leader of the Huns, who visited here during the time of the great migration of peoples, on the banks of the Tisza River. In 896, Hungarian tribes came from the east to the Danube valley.
The unique architectural style of Hungarian cities and the luxurious collections of numerous museums and exhibition halls testify to the turbulent events of history. Monuments from the times of the Roman Empire coexist here with buildings from the era of Turkish rule, the Romanesque temples of Lebenje, Pannohalme and Yake - with the medieval fortresses of Eger, Sümege and Siklos. Luxurious palaces in Sirak, Sheregeyesh and Nagytsenka are “framed” by colorful small towns with characteristic local architecture, in which each house is unique and original in its own way. The resort region of Lake Balaton, more than 150 mineral springs, the hot lake Heviz, the balneological resorts of Budapest, Balatonfäldvár, Balatonfüred, Heviz, Debrecen, Hajduszoboszló, Sárvár and others, have created Hungary’s reputation as one of the best resort areas in Europe.
Budapest, the "pearl of the Danube", is considered one of the most beautiful cities in the world. A panorama of the central, Buda part of the city overlooking the Danube, is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Budapest consists of three historical parts - Pest, Buda and Óbuda, united in 1872 into one city. At the beginning of our era, the Romans founded the city of Aquincum ("abundant waters") on the banks of the Danube, and at the same time the fortification of Contraquinque was founded on the opposite bank of the river. The city that grew up on the site of Aquincum was named Buda. In the 13th century. After the devastating Tatar-Mongol invasion, the city center was moved to Fortress Hill, where the Royal Palace and the fortress that protected it were erected. This new settlement was now called Buda, and the old one received the name Obuda, i.e. “Old Buda”. And on the site of the former Kontraquinque, a center of craft and trade grew - Pest.
It’s best to start exploring the city with the openwork bridges of the Danube embankment, each of which is a wonderful architectural work. The oldest bridge is Lantskhid ("Chain Bridge"), which was built in 1849. Also a good starting point for city tours is the central square of the capital, which bears the name of the Holy Trinity. In the middle of the square stands the Holy Trinity Monument, erected in memory of the victims of the plague epidemic at the beginning of the 18th century. The main decoration of the square is the famous Matthias Temple (1247), which became the wedding site and tomb of many Hungarian kings. Next to it is one of the main attractions of the Buda Castle - the Fisherman's Bastion (Halasbastya). Its observation decks offer magnificent views of the Danube and Pest. In this part of the city it is also interesting to visit the Church of St. Anne and the mausoleum of Gul-Baba Turbe (1543-1548) - the tomb of a Turkish dervish, revered as a saint. In the southern part of the Fortress Mountain rises the massive ensemble of the Royal Palace (built in 1790 on the site of a palace destroyed by the Turks during the capture of Buda in 1686), which today houses several museums. The most popular of them is the National Gallery (Namzeti Galeria). Almost under the entire territory of the Fortress District stretches a whole system of natural caves, converted in the Middle Ages into wine cellars and fortifications. Here you will also find the beautiful chapel of St. Michael, the tower of the Church of Mary Magdalene, the unique Museum-Pharmacy "Golden Eagle", the Hungarian Museum of Trade and Hospitality, the Israeli chapel, the Telephone Museum, the Museum of the History of Music and many interesting galleries.
St. Stephen's Basilica is one of the main attractions and the largest church in the city, with a capacity of 8,500 people. Consecrated in 1905. The Holy Right Hand is kept here - the relics right hand the first Hungarian king Stephen. The right tower houses the largest bell in the country - it weighs 9 tons. The Palace Museum Nadteten of the Saraz-Rudnyanski family is an excellent example of Baroque architecture (18th century). Parliament (1885-1904) - one of the largest currently operating parliament buildings in the world - in a building with an area of about 17.7 thousand square meters. m. there are 691 rooms; steam heating was also installed here for the first time. The style of the building is extremely unusual - there is eclecticism and a mixture of neo-Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque. The Hungarian crown and coronation regalia are kept here.
At the very top of Mount Gellert (235 m) the Citadel (1850) was erected with a 40-meter-high Freedom Monument at its walls, and at the foot of the mountain stands one of the most famous Hungarian baths - “Rudas”, built on a source of healing thermal water, which was known throughout Europe already during the reign of the Arpad dynasty. In addition to being one of the most distinctive hotels in Budapest, the complex also includes an outdoor swimming pool surrounded by a park, as well as an original pool with foaming water and an opening roof. Nowadays, the former barracks of the Citadel house a restaurant, a brasserie and an espresso cafe.
In Városliget (City Grove) Park there is the Széchenyi Bath (1913) with a beach - the largest hydropathic bath in Europe, next to which an ensemble of 21 buildings was built in 1896, demonstrating Hungarian architectural styles from the Romanesque era to the Baroque - Vajdahunyad fortress. Opposite the fortress, on an area of 13.5 hectares, there is one of the oldest zoos in the world (opened in 1866) and a Botanical Garden, which contains more than 4 thousand species of animals and about 10 thousand species of plants, all of which are kept in conditions as close as possible to their native environment. Nearby is a 31 m high minaret serving observation deck. Next to the zoo is the "Jolly Park" - the Hungarian "Disneyland".
The Museum of Transport, the Metropolitan Circus and the Petőfi Hall, which houses the Museum of Aeronautics, are also located here. The western border of Városliget faces Heroes' Square, in the center of which stands the Hungarian Millennium Monument. It was built in 1896 for the holiday, but at the beginning of the century some of its sculptures were replaced. The center of the ensemble is made up of a 36-meter column with a winged statue of the Archangel Gabriel on top and statues of the leaders of the seven Hungarian tribes who came to the territory of present-day Hungary in 896. On both sides of the column there is a semicircular colonnade with bronze statues of prominent figures of Hungarian history. On the left, on Heroes Square, is the Museum building fine arts.
Between the Arpad and Margaret bridges, Margaret Island is located - another attraction of the capital. Its length is 2.5 km, and its greatest width is 500 m. This is a favorite vacation spot for Budapest residents and guests of the capital. On the island there are two high-category hotels, many restaurants and cafes, the Palatinus beach, and here you can stroll through a charming Japanese garden, not far from which there is a summer theater where summer theater festivals are held annually. Here are the ruins of a Franciscan cathedral, a Dominican convent, the Church of St. Michael, an old water tower, a “musical well” that plays every hour, and a sports center.
Parallel to Margaret Island, on the western bank of the Danube, is the most ancient district of the capital - Óbuda ("Old Buda"), which has largely preserved its ancient appearance - small houses in the Baroque and late Rococo styles, narrow shady streets with small taverns and restaurants. Carefully preserved monuments remind us of the past, such as the Main Square ("Föter") or the remains of the buildings of the ancient Roman settlement of Aquincum - "Aquincum" with an excellent museum, which stands next to the ruins of the civil city of the Romans. But the greatest interest is the amphitheater of the military city near the museum - one of the largest amphitheaters that existed in the Roman provinces.
Among the main museums of the capital, the National Historical Museum of Hungary, the Hungarian Art Museum and the Hungarian National Museum of Natural History stand out, as well as the palace complex with a Gothic-style temple in Buda and the Parish Church in Belvaros - the oldest building in Pest (there are even metric records from 1688). G.). During the era of Turkish rule, the church remained the only Christian temple in the capital - all the others were destroyed or rebuilt. The pedestrian street Vaci is another tourist center of the capital, there are many shops with folk and modern clothing, as well as many shops selling “national Hungarian treasure” - goose pate, salami, Tokaji wine, Unicum liqueur, cherry palinka, marzipan figurines and street vendors selling souvenirs.
The city of Székesfehérvár, built on the site of the ancient Roman settlement of Alba Regia, is famous for the ancient museum “Ruins of Gorzium” and an 18th-century cathedral on the foundations of an 11th-century church. In Szolnok you should definitely visit the archaeological museum, and in Miskolc - the museum of Scythian culture and objects Bronze Age. Nirbator is famous for its apples and Gothic temple. Shombately attracts tourists with the ruins of an ancient Roman settlement and the 18th century episcopal palace. In Szeged, there is a 13th-century tower and a large cathedral with two spiers, as well as the extraordinary fish soup, a holiday in its honor, and the best salami in the country, which made it famous all over the world.
At the foot of the Visegrad Mountains there are two ancient royal residences- Visegrad with the summer residence of the Hungarian kings, and Esztergom - the center catholic church Hungary, home to the country's largest cathedral. Not far from Esztergom lie beautiful mineral springs and resort area. In Szentendre, in the unique “Museum of Marzipan”, thousands of samples of this “sweet miracle” are exhibited, including a rather large model of the capital’s Parliament, made entirely of white and brown marzipan.
The North-Western region of the country has the most popular ski resorts for tourists. In a beautiful valley between the Bükk and Matra mountains, 130 km. From the capital, Eger is located - one of the most beautiful Hungarian cities with Baroque architecture, which has preserved its medieval layout and many architectural monuments. In the Middle Ages, the Eger Fortress (XIII century) gained fame during the fight against the Turkish conquerors. Today, most of the premises of the fortress have been turned into a museum; in the bishop's palace (XVI-XVIII centuries) there is a Memorial Museum named after. Istvan Dobo, who led that famous defense of 1552. On the second floor of the palace there is an art gallery, and in the underground rooms protective equipment and lapidariums are carefully preserved. There is a separate prison exhibition, a mint (where you can cut a coin with your own hands), a unique archery range and the Išpotai wine cellars. Every year in the last week of July, the fortress hosts the historical tournament “Fun of the Border Fortress” with knightly lists and a musical and theatrical program.
One of the main attractions of Hungary is the resort region of Lake Balaton. The shores of this beautiful lake are annually filled with countless holidaymakers who come here in the hope of enjoying sunbathing and the gentle waves of the lake, finding peace in contemplating the beauty of the surrounding landscape, and also improving their health at the famous resorts of the lake. The lake, rich in fish, literally attracts many fishing enthusiasts; every major resort center also has tennis courts and courses for golf and other sports. Horse riding enthusiasts have an excellent opportunity to satisfy their passion for this sport in Tihany, Santod, Keszthely or Nagyvazsony; in many places around Balaton, riding schools are opening one after another.
In the hills along the northern shore of Lake Balaton, a number of fortresses, castles and spa towns grew up in the 16th century. In a semicircle of long-extinct volcanoes not far from the coast lies the “Kala Basin” of salt lakes surrounded by tiny pastoral villages. The most beautiful lake is Szentbekkalai. At the edge of the pool there are unique volcanic formations - numerous stone “women” of fantastic shape. In the Kali Valley, located just behind the coastal holiday villages, the carbon dioxide spring Kekkuti ("blue spring") bubbles out of the ground, and the healing waters of the famous local spring Theodora appear on the menus of many restaurants in the country.
Tihany is a modern tourist center. The two-tower church, towering over the landscape, already from afar attracts the attention of travelers to the peninsula, the territory of which is now declared a protected area. The church and Benedictine monastery (founded in 1055) are the oldest buildings in the vicinity of Balaton. The crypt of the old church has remained intact to this day. The alley leading from the church offers a stunning view of the lake and surrounding area. In the area of the village of Yorvenesh you can see an ancient water mill with a museum (one of the oldest in Eastern Europe), and near the town of Balatonudvar there is a cemetery-reserve with heart-shaped gravestones carved in limestone. Tihany also has its own lake, Belsjoto, which is completely independent from Lake Balaton (" Inland lake") with a radius of 700 meters, blue with lavender plantations blooming in the spring throughout the area. Also attracting the constant attention of tourists is the unique stone cone created by ancient geysers, one of the most beautiful buildings on the coast - the Golden House ("Aranhaz"), also interesting are the Museum of the Benedictine Monastery, the Ethnographic an open air museum and a doll museum.
Balatonfüred is an ancient medical resort, a world-famous cardiological sanatorium, here natural carbon dioxide springs emerge from the depths of the earth, the healing water of which has been used for medicinal purposes both for drinking and for taking various baths since the times of the Romans. Near the Kossuth spring, which flows in the center of the city park on the Healing Square ("Gyödöter"), there is a world-famous cardiological sanatorium with a picturesque covered gallery and columns, where people with cardiovascular diseases are treated. Near the city there is a huge Loci cave and a unique tower on Mount Tamas.
At the western end of Lake Balaton is the oldest city built on the shore of the lake - Keszthely. Along with comfortable and well-kept beaches, Keszthely offers its guests an acquaintance with ancient secluded streets and the Baroque palace of the Festetics family located in a magnificent park. IN late XVIII century, the famous palace library "Helikon" was founded here, numbering about 52,000 volumes. Here every summer they take place once a week international conferences and brilliant concerts. The Balaton Museum is also magnificent, in the halls of which almost everything about the history of the lake, its flora and fauna, ethnography and the development of the resort business is collected. In the vicinity of the city there is a unique Buddhist stupa in Zalasanto, the African Museum and the real medieval fortress of Sumeg.
The northern shore of Balaton is famous for its unique “organs” - lava “tubes” of ancient volcanoes (the diameter of the pipe on Mount Sv. Gyorgy reaches a meter) and wonderful wines - the sunny slopes of the hills, the surface of which is covered with rock of volcanic origin, create excellent conditions for the development of this wine-growing area , known far beyond the borders of the country. Near the town of Tapolca lies another miracle of nature - a cave, in the depths of which lies a lake of crystal purity, surrounded by a literal necklace of caves, corridors and halls.
Badacsony is also a famous wine-growing region; some of the best wine cellars in the country are located here and the famous varieties “Sürkebarat” and “Keknyelü” are produced. Not far from the city, on the southern slope of a basalt mountain 437 meters high, there is a whole “garland” of excellent restaurants and wine bars, and a magnificent panorama opens from the Kishfaludi observation deck at the top of the mountain. Not far from the pier is the House Museum of the artist József Egri. From the belvedere Pahoy (“lodge”), built right on the edge of the cliff, a beautiful panorama of almost the entire lake opens up. At the top of the neighboring mountain stands another local landmark - the Szigliget fortress, built in the 13th century.
In contrast to the rocky and rocky northern shore of Lake Balaton, which quickly goes into the depths, the beaches of the southern coast attract vacationers with their velvety sand and gently sloping bottom. Fonyod is the largest and oldest settlement on the southern coast. A lonely mountain towering above the flat terrain already attracts attention to the town from afar. Surrounded by convenient beaches, Fonyod is a lively tourist center with a beautiful marina and bustling life in the central part of the city.
Siófok is one of the most popular resort centers not only on the southern coast, but throughout Lake Balaton. His holiday village and block of mansions were built in late XIX century and were considered the largest tourism project of that time. Imre Kalman was born here, and the annual two-month gala operetta concerts held at the height of the tourist season are dedicated to his memory. Among the events regularly organized in the city are the colorful opening celebration of the season on Whitsunday, the Golden Shell folklore festival and the famous equestrian tournaments.
Villas, cottages and a number of resort hotels built in the town of Lelle located on the plain and in the neighboring Boglarlelle, hidden under the protection of a hill, formed a single residential coastal zone stretching for 12 km - the city of Boglarlelle>. Both of them retained their piers, their " Old city“, the special “family” atmosphere of these resort villages has remained unchanged.
The center of Balatonföldvár is a wide plane tree alley starting from the pier, as well as a huge park with specially selected ornamental trees and shrubs. The city was immediately designed and built at the end of the 19th century as a resort center. The local double pier and the nearby Galambziget (“Pigeon Island”) are popular among sailing enthusiasts. Lovers of history and natural attractions are keen to visit Mount Körös and the local Gothic church, observation deck Gemb and the Red Chapel. Elegant Balatonföldvar with its magnificent beach and comfortable campsites is still considered one of the most beautiful and popular resorts on the southern coast.
The village of Santod, located just opposite the Tihany Peninsula, was the most important crossing on Lake Balaton long before the appearance of motorized boats on the lake. By the way, nowadays, to preserve the ecology of the lake, most of it is closed to motorized vessels. Literally 1 km. from Santod there is a baroque manor built in the 18th century with outbuildings and a huge wine cellar - this is Santodpuszta, a lively arena for large summer parades of horse riding and other equestrian sports.
Kish-Balaton (Small Balaton), which was once one of the bays of a large lake, is currently a protected area where waterfowl build their nests. This territory, dotted with small islands, is unsuitable for a beach holiday, but the diversity and richness of the surrounding nature brings a lot of joy to true lovers. Only the flat-bottomed, shallow-draft boats of local fishermen, which are typical for these places, can move through the reed beds of Kish Balaton. And one of its delightful corners, Kanyarvar Island, is open to everyone who wants to sit with a fishing rod or watch the natural life of the lake.
Veszprém is one of the most beautiful and oldest cities in the country, the “city of queens”, which was founded 1000 years ago by the first Hungarian king, Stephen I the Saint. The city lies on hills, the highest of which is Fortress Hill, which actually serves as the basis for the wonderful palaces and temples of the city. The treasures of the Diocesan Museum of Queen Gisella and the Dežő Lacko Museum, which displays the most valuable relics of the thousand-year history of the Bakony mountain range, are very popular among tourists. Also “cult places” are the viaduct over the Shed stream, the Wöld bridge, the Botanical Garden and the wonderful Kalman Kittenberger Zoo. Cultural life Veszprém does not stop all year round - theater premieres, concerts and exhibitions follow one after another. In the vicinity lie the famous Balatsapusta - a villa from the times ancient Rome, surrounded by stone ruins, the Herend porcelain manufactory and museum, the Cistercian monastery of Zirc and the Nagyvazsony fortress.
Heviz is the largest warm lake in Europe, the healing water of which is rich in mineral salts, and the bottom is covered with healing silt with a high content of radium, so local resorts are especially recommended for the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system. In reality, this is a crater lake, a dying geyser, whose surface at the end of summer is decorated with thousands of red water lilies specially imported from India.
Adjacent to the left bank of the Tisza is the largest grassy steppe in Central Europe - “empty”, which attracts numerous lovers of virgin nature. To attract foreign tourists, the reserve into which this land has essentially been converted preserves traditional shepherd's buildings, former postal coach stations, taverns and inns where you can taste Hungarian cuisine.
The national parks Tihany, Hortoved and others, although small in size, are famous for their excellent natural conditions and rich flora and fauna.
Historical sketch: On the current territory of Hungary there was a Roman colony of Pannonia, with the beginning of the Great Migration here in the 4th-5th centuries. The Huns settled, then the Avars. At the end of the 9th century, the nomadic Magyars came here and settled, mixing with the Rusyn tribe that lived here. Hungarian historians call this process the “conquest of the homeland.” The Hungarian kingdom was founded by Stephen I (Stephen the Saint) from the Arpad dynasty. During the reign of the Arpads, Transylvania, Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia were annexed to Hungary. In the 15th century under King Matthew Corvinus, Moravia, Silesia and Vienna were annexed. In the 16th century Hungary was captured by the Turks at the end of the 17th century. went to the Habsburgs. All R. 19th century The Habsburgs recognized Hungary as an independent kingdom within the Austria-Hungary Empire. The "dual monarchy" lasted until 1918, when Hungary declared its independence. With the arrival of the Communists in the government, their leader Bela Kun proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919. The defeat of the republic by the forces of the Entente ended with the Peace of Trianon, according to which Hungary gave approx. 2/3 of the territory with a non-Hungarian population (Slovakia, Croatia, Slavonia, Transylvania, etc.). "Regent of the Empire" Admiral Horthy established a fascist dictatorship, entered into an alliance with Hitler's Germany. With its help, Hungary occupied Southern Slovakia, Transcarpathian Ukraine, Northern Transylvania, etc. In 1944/45, Hungary was occupied Soviet troops, with the help of the USSR, power in the country passed to the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, but private property and some other “relaxations” were retained in Hungary. After the events of 1956, power passed to J. Kadar, who, while maintaining good relations with the USSR, carried out careful reforms that allowed Hungary to prepare for a market economy.
Since 1989, democracy has been established in Hungary. In 2000, Hungary became a member of NATO, and in 2004 joined the EU.
National holidays: March 15 (Day of the National Liberation Struggle and Revolution), October 23 (Day of the Revolution of 1956 and the proclamation of the Hungarian Republic in 1989). There is also a public holiday - August 20 (St. Stephen's Day).
National domain: .HU
Entry rules: To enter Hungary from the countries of the former USSR, a visa is required only for citizens of Uzbekistan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan. Citizens of other countries can stay in Hungary without a visa for up to 30 days if they have an invitation or voucher. The period of visa-free stay can be extended for up to 30 days. To obtain a short-term (up to 30 days) visa, you must pay a fee from 40 to 150 USD, depending on the length of stay.
Customs regulations: Currency exchange can only be done at official exchange offices; a certificate of currency exchange must be kept before leaving the country. The import of 350 thousand forints per person is allowed without restrictions on the denomination of banknotes. Convertible currency can be imported in unlimited quantities, but you can export currency without the appropriate certificate for no more than 100 thousand forints. It is necessary to keep until departure the certificates issued when exchanging currency at official points and containing your passport number, since upon departure the customs authorities may ask you to present them.
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