Question No. 1 Subject, periodization, and methodology of the IHPS
Subject IHPS are: the emergence, development and functioning of the state and the law of the countries that have had the greatest impact on the history of statehood; analysis of the content of state legal processes developing in a certain time and space.
PeriodizationIHPS:
The history of state and law of the Ancient World - the end of the 4th century BC. until the middle of the 5th century AD (fall of the Roman Empire)
History of state and law of the Middle Ages - V century - XVI century (1640 g.)
The history of state and law of the New Age - until the end of the XIX century.
The history of state and law of Modern times - XX century.
Methodology IHPS - a set of methods and techniques of scientific activity used to gain knowledge about the laws of development and functioning of historical phenomena.
To study the subject IHPS use the following methods:
General logical - applied by all sciences (deduction and induction, reasoning by analogy, proof by contradiction, etc.)
Private science
Concrete historical consists in considering the evolution of the state-legal system of a single country over a certain period of time.
Comparative legal It consists in comparing the features of the development of the state and law in different countries. Specific state-legal phenomena are studied by synchronously comparing their individual qualities with indicators of other similar and simultaneous phenomena and diachronously comparing phenomena at different times.
Systemic It is used to study individual elements of the system of state and legal structure of foreign countries.
The statistical method is used to study the quantitative aspects of the historical process.
Scientific Tricks: the analogy isused to study phenomena information about which is incomplete or inaccurate; extrapolation - the dissemination of conclusions obtained during the study of one part of a phenomenon or process, to another part of it.
Question No. 2 General characteristics of the state-legal systems of the Ancient East
For the first time in the history of the development of human society, such social and political institutions as the state, law, and world religions appeared in the ancient East.
Proto-states began to appear in ancient Eastern civilizations (in Ancient Egypt, Ancient India, Ancient Mesopotamia, ancient China - as far back as IV-III millennium BC) in the process of decomposition of the communal-clan organization. The ancient societies of the East are characterized by a despotic form of state.
Eastern despotism:
The monarchical form of government with unlimited power of the hereditary, deified monarch, who acts as the sole legislator and supreme judge;
A centralized state with a strict totalitarian regime, with comprehensive monitoring of the disenfranchised subjects of a ramified administrative apparatus subordinate to the despot.
In some ancient Eastern states, the power of the supreme rulers was limited only by the council of the nobility, or by the national assembly, or by large-scale urban communities.
Characteristic features of eastern despotism:
The union of all branches of power in one hand
Fidelity to traditions and customs
Huge influence of religion
Collectivism, community
Features of law in the states of the Ancient East:
The source of law was customary law.
The norms of religion passed into the norms of law
Oath before God, Ordals, God's judgment
The lowered position of women and children
Responsibility was only criminal in nature
Tholeon right
Collective responsibility
Question No. 3 The social system and government of Ancient Babylon
Ancient Babylon replaced Sumer about 2000 years ago, was a slave-owning state, so it was a division of society primarily into free and slaves.
Slaves “Wardum” - were the lowest social stratum, prisoners of war who became powerless free (criminals, insolvent debtors) could become slaves. From the side of the law, slaves were considered property, they could not be owners. Slaves could be royal, temple, and private.
The free population of Babylon was divided into Avilum (man, husband) and Mushken (falling prostrate).
Avilum- the upper class of slave owners, free full citizens.
Tamkars - Moneylenders, traders, lenders, engaged in internal and external trade.
Ilku- warriors, were on royal content, the service of a warrior was considered eternal.
Artisans- possessed a certain degree of independence.
Free peasants - Most of the money earned by farmers was withdrawn as tax by officials.
Priests - had great weight in society, temples possessed tremendous wealth. Priests from ancient times retained justice in their hands and played a significant role in government. The highest priestly posts were replaced by persons of noble origin, including relatives of the king.
Political system represented an eastern despotism. At the head of state was pathes(Viceroy of God on earth). The highest official in the state was the ruler of the royal palace - nubandaHe supervised the construction of canals, fortifications, palaces, temples, wars.
The judiciary was not separate from the administration. The tsar and officials were in charge of both administrative and judicial affairs. The supreme judge was the king, who was the highest authority for the consideration of civil and criminal cases.
Question No. 4 The laws of Hammurabi
Babylon reached its socio-economic and political heyday under King Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC). The reign of this king was marked by the creation of a collection of laws. The text of the laws is divided into three parts: an extensive introduction, articles of the laws (282), conclusion. Legal provisions are set casuistically, without generalizations.
Ownership, land ownership: royal, servants of royal people, temple, communal, private. The reign of Hammurabi is marked by the intensive development of private ownership of land. Land could be sold, leased, inherited. Ilku property was withdrawn from circulation.
Law of obligations. Much attention was paid to contractual fixation of transactions. The most important ones were written on burnt clay tablets and sealed in several copies in a burnt double clay envelope.
Types of agreements: marriage, loan, lease, and lease agreements. There were also contracts of sale, exchange, storage, instructions, partnerships. Performance guarantees - material liability (fine) and the person of the debtor. The role of the state in obligations: legal protection of transactions.
Contracts of the order (to take out and sell something) were executed in writing. Violation of this ritual and form was fraught with responsibility for both parties.
Marriageconcluded by agreement, divorce was simplified only for her husband. The main reasons for divorce: adultery of the wife; infertility of the wife. The father did not have the right to life and death over children, but he could send his wife and children into debt bondage, and deprive his son of an inheritance for “serious sins”. The sons of the slave-concubine were free, i.e. the family maintained many patriarchal orders.
Inheritance mostly by law. All sons inherited in equal shares. The wife received a widow's share of the tenure, which she then transferred to the children. The dowry of the wife was inherited by the children.
Criminal law. There were no differences between crimes and civil offenses. The right was of a pronounced class character. Types of crimes:
Official. In the category of perpetrators of malfeasance, judges are mentioned, changing the sentence to another, soldiers, junior command personnel.
Property Theft and robbery, damage to other people's property, as well as numerous attacks on other people's slaves.
Crimes Against Family Laws Includes incest, the wife’s abusive and dissolute behavior, kidnapping and child substitution.
Against personality. Murder of a husband by a wife, unsuccessful operation of a doctor, bodily injuries in a fight, insult by word and action, false accusations.
Types of punishments: capital punishment, sale to slavery, corporal and self-punishment, fines, exile and other forms on the basis of the talion principle (equal punishment). Social status affected liability and redress. It was possible punishment without fault. The talion principle was applied.
The punishments were very strict, frightening self-punishing punishments were also widely used: cutting off a hand, fingers, cutting off an ear, tongue and other forms of punishment according to the principle of the talion.
In addition to the usual punishments in the form of fines and self-harming acts, criminals were enslaved, expelled from the country.
Procedural law. The judgment was perceived as an act of justice, which was committed with the help of laws, and sometimes with the participation of gods, for example, the god of the River in the case of a test of water.
The trial was oral and adversarial, as well as a single criminal and civil case. The plaintiff himself brought the defendant to court, and the criminal was brought by the royal servants, who were subordinate and at the disposal of the governors. An alibi trial was practiced.
Types of evidence: physical evidence, oaths of witnesses to the horde. The delay in the submission of witness statements could be granted up to 6 months (Article 13). Death sentences and self-mutilation were executed immediately and publicly.
Question No. 5 The State and Law of Ancient Egypt
Before the formation of a single Egyptian state, there were approximately 40 separate regions - nomes on its territory, their rulers (nomarchs) headed.
Initially, the nomes merged into two independent states: Upper Egypt, Lower Egypt. By the end of the 4th millennium BC. a pharaoh named Manes established control over the entire territory of the country.
Political system.This state was centralized at almost all stages of its development, with the exception of brief periods of disintegration; a centralized bureaucratic apparatus worked in it, which included rulers, priests, nobles, tsarist officials of various ranks. All power was concentrated in the hands of the pharaoh, he was the legislator and judge, he owned the supreme right to the land fund, power was inherited.
2. How did Russian society perceive the beginning and participation of Russia in the First World War?
3. Why did the military company of 1914 become a year of missed opportunities for Russia?
4. What caused the military failures of Russia in 1915?
5. What changes have occurred in the internal situation of the warring countries?
6. What is a progressive block?
7. How did the advance of Russia in Galicia change the position of its opponents and allies?
8. How has the attitude to war in Russian society changed in 1916?
1) France 3) Great Britain 5) Italy
2) Turkey 4) USA
IN 2. Read the order of the field marshal and write the name of the war during which he was given.
“The war ended with the complete extermination of the enemy, and each of you is the savior of the Fatherland. Russia welcomes you with this name. ”
IN 3. What three concepts arose in connection with the Peasant Reform of 1861?
1) temporarily liable peasants 4) parochialism
2) corvee 5) quitrent
3) segments 6) redemption payments
AT 4. Read an excerpt from “Essays on the History of Russian Culture” and write down what the artists who were part of this partnership were called.
"The charter of the new association was approved on November 2, 1870." The partnership has the goal - it was mentioned in it) to organize, with proper permission, art exhibitions in all cities of the empire in the form of: a) providing opportunities for those wishing to get acquainted with Russian art and monitor its success, b) the development of a love of art in society; c) the facilitation of artists selling their works. "
The first art exhibition opened on November 29, 1871 in St. Petersburg. Following the first exhibition at the end of 1872, the second opened, and so for almost half a century. During this time, exhibitions have visited most of the major cities of Russia. ”
AT 5. Set the correspondence between the names of the commanders and the names of the wars in which they became famous
Generals Names of Wars
1. P.I. Bagration, A.P. Ermolov a) The Crimean War of 1853-1856.
2) M.D. Skobelev, I.V. Gurko b) Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774
3) V.A. Kornilov, P.S. Nakhimov c) The First World War of 1914-1918
4) A.V. Suvorov, P.A. Rumyantsev d) the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878.
e) World War II
AT 6. Which two of the following historical figures of the XIX century. were the authors of liberal reforms in Russia?
1) S.Yu. Witte 3) G.V. Plekhanov 5) A.I. Herzen
2) M.M. Speransky 4) N.M. Karamzin
Part C
“He was a conservative, but a“ conservative with progress, ”capable of certain moderate reforms from above, prepared gradually, without flirting with public opinion. The processes that took place during his reign, which he largely initiated, contributed to the creation of the economic foundations of the new society, the formation of Russian national culture. The image of Peter the Great, perceived as a symbol of national unity, played a role in the ideological support of this process. His reign prepared the upcoming reforms after the Crimean War, when the nobility and the ruling elite of the country were ready to give up a number of their corporate advantages for the benefit of Russia. ”
C1. Who is the document in question?
C2. What personality traits is this monarch remarkable for? Give at least 2 positions.
Sz. What reforms were carried out in Russia during this period? (Indicate at least 2.)
C4. What future reforms carried out after the Crimean War are we talking about?
He was demobilized in early December 1917 (by that time he had become a Left Socialist Revolutionary). What is the name of an active fighter for the establishment and strengthening of Soviet power in Chuvashia?
14. What are the first orphans of the First World War
15. An outstanding Russian ace fighter of the Imperial Air Force during the First World War, the second pilot in history to use an air ram and the first survivor of the ram. For this feat, July 27, 1915 was awarded the St. George arms. What is the name of the hero.
16. What is the name of the Russian-American chemist, lieutenant general, doctor of chemical sciences, professor, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy (1916). During the First World War he worked in the field of organization of chemical production, research and production of chemical weapons and methods of chemical defense of troops.
17. The famous simple Don Cossack, who served in the 3rd Don regiment. The brave Cossack appeared on posters and leaflets, cigarette packs and postcards, his portraits and drawings depicting his feat were printed in newspapers and magazines. During the First World War, he was first awarded the St. George Cross.
And the Cossack distinguished himself in the early days of the war in a battle with German cavalrymen near the Polish town of Kalwaria.
It is a prototype of a Cossack in the ensemble of monuments of the First World War.
Who is this hero?
18. Name “Maresyeva” during the First World War. Inventor, aircraft designer, Russian aviator, one of the first marine pilots. In the summer of 1915, during a sortie, he exploded on his own bomb and was seriously injured. His right leg was amputated. Nevertheless, he decided to return to duty and persistently learned to walk first on crutches, and then with a prosthesis.
19.
Indicate the name of the first President of Yugoslavia. Member of the First World War. In 1915 he received a medal for courage and the rank of senior non-commissioned officer.
On April 4 of that year, in a battle on the Dniester near the village of Mitkeu (Bukovina), he was seriously wounded and was captured. After being captured, he spent 13 months in the hospital, then was sent to a labor camp in the Urals. He took part in the Civil War in Russia (joined the Red Guard).
ІІІ. ACHIEVEMENTS:
20. What was the name of the tunic of arbitrary samples - imitations of English and French models, common name on behalf of the English general, widely used in the army during the First World War of 1914-1918?
21. She first appeared with the development of aviation during the First World War. It was first created in Germany. It was necessary for pilots to be able to escape from the cold at altitude. Made of leather. What is this about?
22. Which combines the following names:
"Shark", "Lamprey", "Dragon", "Seal", "Perch"?
23.
The legendary Budenovki and the Red Army uniform, known from Soviet films about the Civil War, were invented by the artist Vasnetsov for the imperial army. Dressing soldiers in pointed cloth helmets and overcoats with turns like a streltsy caftan was supposed to be at the parade in Berlin, scheduled for the summer of 1917.
When the Bolsheviks seized power, they got warehouses with a new form.
What was the name of Budenovka before the October Revolution?
24. Indicate what new weapons were first used by Germany during the Battle of Verdun.
25. When and by whom was the first automatic machine invented in the world?
26. With the advent of tanks in the army, a new way of protection against them appeared. What is it?
27. One of the most famous and widely read German writers of the 20th century. In 1916 he was drafted into the army, June 17, 1917 sent to the Western Front. In his first novel, published in 1929, describes the brutality of the war from the perspective of a 20-year-old soldier. Based on the novel, a self-titled film was released in 1930. For this novel, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1931, but when considering the Nobel Committee, this proposal was rejected.
What is the name of the writer and the name of his novel.
Then several more anti-war writings followed; in a simple, emotional language, they realistically described war and the post-war period.
29. Few people today know the poet, the owner of the Grif publishing house. He accepted the start of World War I with enthusiasm. With the first military appeal he went to the front, participated in campaigns in East Prussia. On the first day of the war with Germany, he wrote the following lines:
Two Romes were in the universe,
Oh, Russia! Build with your sword
Forever immutable, imperishable,
Last, all-Slavic Rome.
Who is it about?
associated with events:
1) World War II 1812
2) Crimean War of 1853-1856
3) Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878
4) World War I 1914-1918
A2. One of the consequences of the Great Reforms of the 1860-1870s and subsequent transformations was that at the end of the 19th century:
1) it was possible to achieve a complete technical re-equipment of Russian agriculture;
2) in terms of agricultural development, Russia was ahead of the leading countries of Europe;
3) in the Russian village styles dominate farms;
4) the pace of industrial development of Russia has accelerated.
A3. Which of these events happened before all the others?
1) The murder of Alexander II by the Volunteers
2) the creation of a party of socialist revolutionaries
3) the trial of the Decembrists
4) the creation of the "Union for the Emancipation of the Working Class."
What conclusions about the internal situation in the state can be drawn from this fact? At the beginning of the XX century. in the Russian Empire, there were more than 280political parties. About 60 of the total number of parties could be conditionally attributed to the all-Russian. Moreover, earlier in time revolutionary parties took shape.
What conclusions about the internal situation in the state can be drawn from this fact?
The war required the warring states to mobilize all human, raw, material and food resources. The number of armies of the two coalitions has reached 70 million. For the efficient operation of industry and the creation of military production in the warring countries, state regulation of the economy was introduced, special organs of military economic management or committees were created. They exercised control over the sources of financing the national economy, distributed state orders and the raw materials and equipment necessary for their use, determined production volumes, types of products, terms of their manufacture and prices.
Government committees on agriculture determined the sowing plans, demanded from the peasants Mandatory "supply of grain to the state. Cards were introduced to provide the population with basic goods.
By the beginning of 1917, the situation of the countries of the Austro-German bloc and Russia was critical. Almost half of the army was put out of action, strategic reserves were running out, gross harvest of grain was halved, and the size of sown areas was reduced.
Germany found itself in an economic blockade. England occupied almost all the colonies. An attempt to break the blockade in the naval battle of the Jutland Peninsula on May 31, 1916 failed.
A wave of anti-war demonstrations rose in the countries, and the “civilian world” was changed by social confrontation. Despite the prohibition of strikes, the number of strikers was constantly growing. The German Social Democrats on May 1, 1916 held a mass demonstration in Berlin under the slogans "Down with the war!", "Down with the government!" Desertion, the “fraternization” of soldiers of enemy armies became commonplace. In government circles, plans for peace talks were ripe.
The war made a heavy impact on the development of the Russian economy. The condition worsened by the fact that in the period for 1917 several important industrial areas occupied by the enemy, as a result, the total loss of industrial potential amounted to 20%. There was a fuel and energy crisis in the country. The pace of production in metallurgy and machine building did not satisfy the needs of the front. The railways also could not cope with the sharp increase in traffic and the exploitation of the population.
Russia's total spending on the war in March 1917 amounted to more than 30 billion rubles. 1/3 of these expenses were foreign loans to Russia. The process of money emission began, which led to an increase in inflation. The official ruble exchange rate dropped to 55 kopecks. And the purchasing power was 22 kopecks. The public debt of Russia during the war years has grown more than 4 times and amounted to 36.2 billion rubles.
The war was a severe blow to agriculture: crop areas were reduced by more than 10%, production of meat and other food products. All of this led to an increase in food prices. Which increased by 200% compared with 1914.
Data on the economic condition of the country indicate Russia's entry into the economic crisis.
40. In 1863, 14 students dismissed from the Academy of Arts formed their “Artel” in St. Petersburg. In 1870, the artists united in the "Partnership of Traveling Art Exhibitions". What is the difference between the artistic traditions of the Academy of Arts and the aesthetic principles of the Wanderers? What factors determined the inevitability of the gap between the Wanderers and academic traditions?
41. What are the characteristic features of the democratization of Russian culture in 2nd floor 19th century.
42. What were the reasons for convening and the results of the work of the Berlin Congress in 1878?
43. Explain what the historical need for reforms in Russia in the mid-19th century was.
The period from 1900 to 1917.
1. List the characteristic features of the socio-economic development of Russia at the turn of the 19-20 centuries.
2. Compare the position of the nobility and the bourgeoisie in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. What was common and what was different?
3. What are the main forms of monopolistic associations formed in the early 20th century in Russia. Give examples of the most famous monopolies.
4. In the context of the growing political and social crisis, Nicholas II in August 1904 appointed Prince P. D. Svyatopolk Mirsky, known for his liberal views, as the Minister of the Interior. The period of his reign was called "SvyatopolkMirsky spring", because relations with the liberal public were improved, and a series of measures were being prepared to liberalize the regime. It seemed to many that a way out of the crisis would be found. How did events begin to develop?
5. What are the social groups of the population of Russia that openly expressed dissatisfaction with their situation since 19001907. Give examples of the most significant presentations by representatives of these groups.
6. Compare the system of government (including the system of government) in Russia until 1905 and in 1906-1914. What was common and what was different.
7. What are the circumstances of the creation, the main content and significance of the activities of the State Duma in the early 20th century.
8. There is a point of view that the State Duma in Russia after the events of June 3, 1907 turned into a decorative body, since it did not reflect public interests and did not play a role in public administration. What other point of view do you know7 Which of them is more convincing? Your arguments.
9. After the Manifesto was proclaimed on October 17, 1905, the leaders of the bourgeois parties regarded the situation as an actual victory of the revolution. What events, phenomena testified to the fact that the revolution continued? Why did events develop in this way?
10. Write down what measures the tsarist government took to suppress the revolution of 19051907. What were the results of this revolution?
11. When the minimum program and the maximum program of the party of the RSDLP (b) were adopted 7 Describe them. When was the minimum program implemented?
12. Compare the software settings and tactics of the RSDLP and the Socialist Revolutionary Party. Indicate what they have in common, what is different.
13. Compare the programs of the RSDLP and the Socialist-Revolutionary Party on the agrarian question.
14. Compare the programs of the cadet party and the "Union of October 17" on the form of government in Russia.
15. Name at least 3 main goals, programmatic provisions of most Russian liberals in the early 20th century. Give at least 2 examples of liberal political organizations (parties) of the early 20th century.
16. Tasks of the Stolypin reform. Measures to address them.
17. The agrarian reform of Stolypin was evaluated differently by contemporaries and historians. V.I. Lenin noted. That “the reactivity of the Black-Hundred program consists of .... The development of capitalism along the junker path to strengthen the power and income of the landowners, to bring a new, more solid foundation for the building of the autocracy. What other judgments about the direction and goals of this agrarian reform are known to you? What opinions do you consider more convincing? Your arguments.
18. The agrarian reform of Stolypin met with resistance from almost all the social and political forces of the country. Name at least 4 provisions of the Stolypin agrarian reform. What social and political forces did the reformers face? Name at least 3 opposition forces to reform, why did this resistance arise?
19. There are 2 points of view on Stolypin's reforms:
1) Stolypin’s activity violated popular rights and destroyed or limited the achievements of the revolution of 1905-1907.
2) Stolypin’s policy was aimed at creating stability and the rule of law in Russia, at preserving the political regime established in 1905. Indicate which point of view seems more preferable to you and why. Arguments
20. Compare the position of peasants in the 1870s. and in the years 1907-1914. General and difference in their position.
21. Characteristic features of the development of Russian culture in the early 20th century. Draw conclusions about its historical significance.
22. According to N. Berdyaev, "in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century there was a real cultural renaissance." What other opinions about the development of culture in the early 20th century do you know? Which judgment is most convincing? Your arguments?
23. The main tasks of the foreign policy of Nicholas II (18941917). Examples of solving the main problems.
24.Developing, together with the French military command, a plan for a possible war with Germany at the beginning of the 20th century, the tsarist government assumed that, while the French army would restrain the pressure of the German troops, the Russian troops would strike at the heart of Germany and triumphantly enter Berlin. What was the result of the implementation of this plan at the beginning of the war?
Indicate the reasons for this development. Indicate the main consequences of this war on the internal situation of Russia.
25. What is “defeatism” and “defense” during the First World War?
26. Compare the basic ideological principles, approaches to party building, to the methods of political struggle of the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in 1907 - 1916. General and difference.
27. Compare the ideological attitudes, approaches to party building, to the methods of political struggle of the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in 1903 - 1916.
28. General features of the parties that belonged to the camp of "revolutionary democracy" until October 1917. What is their role in the country's public life?
29.In April 1917, V.I. Lenin proclaimed a course towards the socialist revolution. What circumstances would have made this possible in April 1917? Why then did not the Bolsheviks support Lenin?
30. It is believed that VOSR decided what the February Revolution could not solve. What is the other point of view? Arguments?
31. Describe the political situation in the country after the July events of 1917.
32. There are 2 points of view:
1) The Bolsheviks came to power in 1917 only thanks to the slogan "Down with the war!"
2) 2) The Bolsheviks came to power because their program was clear and close to the population, thanks to a decisive course towards socialism, better organization. What is your point of view? Explain her.
33. Spring - in the autumn of 1917, there was a sharp struggle in which the issue of alternatives to the development of the country was decided. One of the important events of this period is the speech of General Kornilov L.G. In the struggle against him, various forces united - from the Bolsheviks to Kerensky. Why did so many different political forces come together? (at least 2 reasons). What are the consequences of their actions? (at least 3 reasons).
34. Compare the main provisions of the Decree on Peace adopted by the 2nd Congress of Soviets in October 1917, and the position of V.I. Lenin and his supporters regarding the peace treaty with Germany in late 1917 - early 1918. General and difference.
35. Compare the positions of V.I. Lenin and N.I. Bukharin (leader of the group of left-wing communists) on the conclusion of a separate peace with Germany in the spring of 1918. What was common (at least 2 provisions), and what was different (at least 3)?
The period 1917 - 1939
1. Explain why the Soviet government in Russia in 1917 - early 1918. established relatively quickly throughout the country.
2. In July 1918, in Moscow, the Left Social Revolutionaries opposed the Bolsheviks. One of the Bolshevik leaders F.E. was captured. Dzerzhinsky., Created a threat to the Bolshevik government. What were the consequences of the speech of the Left Social Revolutionaries? Specify at least 2 consequences. Name at least 3 reasons for this result of the speech.
3. In 1918, in the coalition government of the Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries, there was a serious split over the conclusion of a separate peace. V.I. Lenin believed that the world should be signed on any terms. The Left Socialist Revolutionaries and part of the Bolsheviks believed that signing a peace with the imperialist government of Germany would be a betrayal of the idea of \u200b\u200brevolution. However, negotiations continued, the world was signed. Why did Lenin insist on concluding peace? What are the consequences for the domestic political life of Soviet Russia the conclusion of peace?
4. What are the main periods of the civil war in Russia. When and in what events was the outcome of the civil war in the European part of the country decided? What are the names of the military leaders who participated in these events?
5. Compare the goals of the interventionists and participants of the White movement during the civil war in Russia. Indicate the general and differences. . Describe the policy of the Soviet regime, the keywords of which were "surplus apportionment", "komedy", "food detachments".
6. Describe the policy of the Soviet government, the keywords of which was
"Surplus apportionment", "komedy", "food detachments".
7. Some historians believe that the Civil War began in February. - September 1917. What are the other points of view on this issue? Your arguments?
8. Compare the recovery of the USSR economy after the Civil and World War II. Find common and differences.
9. What projects do you know about creating the USSR? Whose project was the foundation of education
10. Indicate the prerequisites and principles of the formation of the USSR in 1922.
11. What was the historical significance of the formation of the USSR?
12. In 1921, the publication Change of Milestones was published in Prague. He caused controversy among immigrants. What issues were discussed, and what positions did the authors hold?
13. Lenin and Stalin plans for the creation of the USSR. General and differences.
14. There is a point of view that IV Stalin is personally responsible for the anti-democratic orientation of the development of the party of the CPSU (b). another point of view is that the degeneration of the party, the liquidation of internal party democracy began under V.I. Lenin, and Stalin only continued. Which point of view is more fair?
15. Compare the “left” (Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev) and the “right” (Bukharin, Rykov) deviations in the CPSU (b) in 1920s What was common (at least 2 provisions) and different (at least 3).
16. Name no less 3 results of the internal party struggle of the 1920s-1930s (after the death of V.I. Lenin0. What are the names of at least 3 surnames of leaders who claimed leadership in the party during this period?
17. What are the common features and differences in the social conditions of life of the population of Russia during the period of war communism and under NEP.
18. Compare the main features of the economy of "War Communism" and NEP. General and differences.
19. Compare the goals and main features of the foreign policy of Soviet Russia and the USSR in 1918 -1921 and in 1922-1928. General and difference.
20. There is a point of view that the “cultural revolution” in the USSR in The 1920s and 20s were of great importance for the country. What other point of view do you know? Give some arguments.
21. Many modern historians believe that the NEP was not really a New Economic Policy. What other points of view do you know about this? Which point is more convincing? Your arguments?
22. Name no less 3 reasons for NEP.
23. Compare government policies in agriculture under the NEP and during the years of collectivization.
24. The end of the 1930s. The choice of the USSR for an alliance with Germany or an alliance with Western Europe. What choice did the Soviet leadership make? Why? What were the consequences?
25. Describe the goals, features, consequences of collectivization in 1930s
26. What positions existed in the leadership of the USSR on the issue of collectivization? Whose position won, and what results did it lead to?
27. Compare the main provisions of the economic programs of I.V. Stalin and N.I. Bukharin in 1928–29. What was common and what was different?
28. Goals, features, consequences of industrialization policies in the USSR in 1930s
29. Compare 2 stages of industrialization in the USSR: 1926 - 1928. and 1928 - 1937 General and differences.
30. Compare the development of Soviet industry and the industrial policy of the Soviet state during the years of the first and second five-year plans. Specify. What was common and what was different.
31. What are the main directions (components) of socialist construction in the USSR in 1920- 1930s Specify. What were the most important achievements and problems in the industrial development of the country during this period.
32. There is a point of view that the industrial breakthrough (the jump0 made during the years of Stalin’s reign, cost the country too much and wasn’t worth the energy expended. What point of view do you know? Which point of view do you consider more convincing? Give at least 3 arguments to your position.
33. In most countries that entered the path of industrialization at different times, this process began in the light industry; sources of funds for industrialization were trade, export of goods, foreign loans, and attraction of foreign capital. How was the process of industrialization in the USSR different from this model? What explained the features of the Soviet version of industrialization?
34. Compare how agricultural production was organized, the labor of peasants in the USSR before and after collectivization. General and differences.
35. According to the reports of the GPU, many peasants saw a new enslavement in collectivization. However, resistance to collectivization was limited, and the collective farm system was established in the village for several decades. Name no less 3 reasons for the successful implementation of collectivization. What parallels can be drawn between the collective farm system of the second half of the 1930s. and landlords during the period of serfdom? What are at least 3 common features?
36. Compare the social situation and working conditions of collective farmers and industrial workers in
USSR in the mid-1930s General and differences.
37. What are the main signs of totalitarianism?
38. Compare the international position of the Soviet state at the beginning 1920s And in the mid-1930s. General and differences.
39. Formulate the goal and determine the results of the "cultural revolution".
40. The main directions of development and achievement of the culture of the USSR in the 1920s-1930s.
41. Compare the characteristic features of the development of education and culture in the Soviet country in the first years after the establishment of Soviet power and in the late 1930s. General and differences.
42. The policy of the Soviet government in the field of culture in 1920. -1930s What are its results?
43. With the adoption of the 1936 Constitution in the USSR, the assessment of the existing society as a society of “triumphant socialism” was officially adopted. What other opinions about the nature of Soviet society in those years are known to you? What opinions do you find more convincing? Arguments, facts -?
WWII 1941-1945
1. Some historians believe that the Non-Aggression Pact of 1939 had a positive meaning in the history of the USSR. What other points of view do you know? Which of them seems more convincing to you? Give examples, facts, arguments.
2. After the conclusion of the Soviet-German treaty on August 23, 1939, the press appeared in various countries that the signing by the leaders of the USSR of an agreement with ideological opponents - fascists was a departure from communist principles. What other judgments about the nature and significance of this treaty for the Soviet state do you know? What opinions do you find more convincing? Give the facts, arguments.
3. Describe the miscalculations of the highest leadership of the USSR in preparation for the Second World War. Indicate the consequences of these miscalculations.
4. There is a point of view that the participation in the war against the USSR on the side of fascist Germany of the so-called "small states2 of Europe (Hungary, Romania, Finland, Bulgaria) was caused by the policy of the USSR itself. What other point of view do you know? Which point of view do you consider more convincing? Give at least 3 facts and arguments.
5. What provisions make up the concept of “radical change” during the Second World War? Indicate the names of the battles that belong to this stage of the war and their meaning.
6. Many foreign historians assess the assistance of Western allies to the Soviet Union in World War II under Lend-Lease as a decisive contribution to the victory over the troops of Germany and its allies. What other opinions on this subject do you know? Which of them do you consider more convincing? Give examples, facts, arguments.
7. Describe the life of the population in the Soviet rear during the Great Patriotic War.
8. There is a point of view that the victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War was achieved only due to the careless attitude to human lives on the part of the Soviet command (“Germans were filled up with corpses”), and until the end of the war the Soviet army was lower in combat qualities than the German . What other point of view do you know? Which point of view do you consider more convincing? Give facts and arguments. The period of the Second World War 1941-1945.
9. Reasons for the origin, scale and significance of the partisan movement during the Second World War.
The period 1945 - 1950s.
1. What is the evidence of the tightening of the totalitarian regime in 1946 - 1953.
2. Explain why after the Second World War, under the influence of the USSR, a number of countries in Eastern Europe found themselves. Why7 (bring no less 2 reasons). Give examples of events to the policy of the USSR in relation to the countries of Eastern Europe after 1945 (at least 3 reasons).
3. In the 20th century there was a “cold war”. When and why did it happen? (at least 2 reasons. Give examples of the phenomena of this war - at least 3.
4. Many Western historians considered the USSR to be the culprit of the Cold War. What other reason estimates do you know? Which one is more convincing? Arguments - no less than
5. After the Second World War in the USSR was adopted A 5-year plan for the restoration and further development of the economy, which Western experts called unrealistic and set a time frame for the restoration of the Soviet economy to 4050 years. What were the results of the implementation of this plan? Indicate at least 3 provisions. What were the main reasons for this? What are at least 2 reasons?
6. Compare the recovery of the Soviet economy after the Civil War and after 2 –Th world. General and difference: at least 2-3 arguments.
7. Name at least 2 negative consequences for the USSR of the Cold War that began in the 1940s. Give at least 3 examples of international crises of the late 1940s-early 1960s .. in which the confrontation of the two systems appeared.
8. After the Second World War, there was a belief that the political regime in the USSR would be relaxed, that the country would develop along a democratic path. Which way began to develop social and political life in the USSR? Why is that?
9. “The post-war reconstruction of western Germany is usually seen as an economic miracle. The same “miracle” happened in Italy and Japan. But even more surprising ... was the Soviet economic miracle. Soviet workers, unlike their German, Italian, Japanese colleagues, had to rebuild the country without the economic assistance of the United States. " (From an American history textbook). What are the reasons for the quick and successful recovery of Soviet industry after 2nd World War. What are the disadvantages of the economic mechanism that emerged by the beginning of the 1950s? Name at least 3 of his shortcomings.
10. Compare the economic policies of the Stalinist leadership in 1930s and in 1945-1953. Indicate common features and differences.
11. In the first years after the Second World War, the people who won the war were expecting a change in politics, updating political and economic structures. Which development path was chosen by the Stalinist leadership? What measures did he provide? Why was such a path chosen?
12. Describe the foreign policy of the USSR in 19451953. Briefly outline its outcome.
13. What are the main directions of the foreign policy of the USSR in 19451953? Give examples of this policy.
14. What were the characteristic features of the public consciousness of Soviet people in the first years after the Second World War.
15. Name no less 3 results of the economic discussion of the 2nd half of the 1940s. in the USSR. Give at least 2 questions on which the discussion was held.
16. After the Second World War in the USSR, a number of economists put forward a position. That in order to restore a destroyed economy, market mechanisms may be partially revived (it was proposed to provide the right to free trade in agricultural products, to corporatize industrial enterprises, etc.). However, the path of economic development was ultimately chosen different. Specify at least 3 reasons to choose this path. Name at least 2 consequences for the Soviet economy of such a choice.
17. After the end of World War II, conditions were created for maintaining a close alliance
USSR with Western countries (USA and England) in the interests of preventing a new war and fighting against the possibility of the revival of fascism. In this spirit, statements were made by leaders immediately after the end of the war. Indicate at least 2 facts testifying to another development of relations. Give at least 3 reasons for this development of relations.
18. Shortly after graduation World War 2, the Cold War 2 began. What were the contradictions between the former allies - the USSR and the countries of the West? What factors determined exactly this course of events?
19. There is a point of view. That the USSR, after the end of the Second World War, could develop along the democratic path, that the possibility of the liquidation of the authoritarian regime in that period was real. What other point of view do you know? Which one is more convincing? Give at least 3 arguments.
20. The restoration of the national economy after 1945. What are the reasons for choosing these methods of economic recovery? Was a “second” NEP possible?