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Children's health scientific articles. Child's health. A healthy child and how to improve your child’s health

Evolutionary biology
27.09.2020
1

The article analyzes the characteristics of the neuro-mental health of children before school age. A natural hygiene experiment assessing visual thinking and anxiety levels revealed the influence of intra-environmental factors on the mental health of three- and six-year-old children in children's educational institutions. The “objectless drawing” technique revealed a predominance of children with a low level of mastery of colors, lines and shapes, as well as an increase in anxiety and the frequency of neurotic reactions in three-year-old children in the observation group. The integral application of techniques allows for the diagnosis and prevention of changes in mental health at the stage before school education. The search for new promising technologies for protecting and strengthening the mental health of preschool children is urgent. Achieving positive changes in the mental health of children is possible only on the basis of close integration of medical workers, representatives of preventive medicine with psychological and pedagogical services.

FEATURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH OF CHILDREN IN CHILD CARE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Semenova N.V. 1 Shcherba E.V. 1

1 Omsk state medical academy

Abstract:

In article the analysis of features of psychological health of children of preschool age is carried out. Natural hygienic experiment according to visual thinking and level of uneasiness taped influence of intra environmental factors on mental health of children of three and six years in child care educational institutions. The technique of “pointless drawing” found prevalence of children with low level of development of color, lines and forms, and also augmentation of uneasiness and frequency of neurotic reactions in children of three years of group of observation. Integrated application of techniques allow to carry out diagnostics and prophylaxis of changes in mental health at a stage of preschool education. Search of new perspective technologies of protection and strengthening of mental health of children of preschool age is actual. Achievement of positive shifts in mental health of children is possible only on the basis of close integration of medical workers, representatives of a prokfilaktic link of medicine with pedagogical service.

Keywords:

Bibliographic link

Semenova N.V., Shcherba E.V. FEATURES OF CHILDREN'S NERVO-MENTAL HEALTH IN CHILDREN'S EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS // Scientific Review. Medical Sciences. – 2014. – No. 2. – P. 129-130;
URL: https://science-medicine.ru/ru/article/view?id=424 (access date: 01/31/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences" 1

1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Omsk State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

2 BPOU Omsk Region "Medical College"

3 BU DPO NGO "Center for Advanced Training of Healthcare Workers"

A comprehensive analysis of the influence of family conditions and lifestyle on children's health is presented. The results of studies conducted in the field of child health in various types of families prove that social disadvantage, as well as the stratification of the population by social composition with the inherent characteristics of each social group peculiarities of conditions and lifestyle, affects certain deviations in the growth and development of children, interferes with normal development, negatively affects physical, somatic, mental and moral health, contributes to the development of a state of chronic stress in the child, which against the background of functional and somatic immaturity of the body leads to the early onset of a number of diseases. This review was prepared with the aim of systematizing literature data on the problem of the relationship between family conditions and lifestyle and the health status of children. The need to take into account social and hygienic factors that adversely affect the health of children is substantiated.

health

risk factors

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2. Albitsky V.Yu., Sigal T.M., Ananyin S.A. The state of health of children from sociopathic families // Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. – 1994. – No. 1. – pp. 8–11.

3. Babenko A.I., Denisov A.P. Medical and social aspects of the health of young children and their families // Problems of social hygiene, health care and history of medicine. – 2007. – No. 5. – P. 18–20.

4. Denisov A.P., Banyushevich I.A. Factors influencing the health status of young children from different types of families // Omsk scientific bulletin. – 2012. – No. 2 (114). – pp. 11–14.

5. The health of children and adolescents in Siberia as the basis for the formation of the labor potential of the region / I.I. Novikova, G.A. Ogleznev, V.A. Lyapin, D.M. Plesovskikh // Issues of modern pediatrics. – 2005. – T. 4. No. S1. – pp. 380–381.

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8. Kislitsyna O.A. Housing conditions and health // Public health and disease prevention. – 2006. – No. 6. – P. 23–34.

9. Lebedev D.Yu. On the issue of the health of children living in poor families in rural areas // Russian Medical and Biological Bulletin named after. Academician I.P. Pavlova. – 2011. – No. 1. – P. 59–62.

10. Lezhnina Yu.P. Socio-demographic features of the poor in Russia // Sotsis. – 2014. – No. 1. – P. 20–28.

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12. Lyapin V.A. Social and hygienic and ecological problems maintaining the health of the child population // In the collection: Current problems of health of the population of Siberia: hygienic and epidemiological aspects. Materials of the V interregional scientific and practical conference with international participation. 2004. – pp. 81-85.

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24. Factors influencing iron nutrition among one-year-old healthy children in Sweden / A.C. Bramhagen, J. Svahn, I. Hallstrom, I. Axelsson // J. Clin. Nurs. – 2011. – No. 5. – P. 10.

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Changes taking place in modern society, have an impact on everyday life, transforming social relations, including in the family and in the field of family policy, since in difficult economic and social conditions the institution of the family becomes especially vulnerable.

It is natural and legitimate for every child to be raised in a family, since it is this that is extremely necessary for his socialization and the development of individuality.

The full potential of health, intelligence, physical and creative capacity is laid and formed mainly in childhood, especially in the first three years of a child’s life. At the same time, there is a change in the nature of the course of diseases in children, the emergence of new nosological forms, the levels of acute morbidity are increasing, and the frequency of combined and chronic forms of diseases is increasing.

Purpose of the study: systematization of literary data on the problem of the relationship between family conditions and lifestyle and the health status of children.

The formation of chronic pathology occurs gradually under the influence of socially significant factors, then leading to a possible decrease in work activity and life expectancy. Recently, the term “sociopathic family” has become widespread - a family where parents (one or both) lead a more or less antisocial lifestyle, that is, they are in prison, suffer from alcoholism, etc. .

Differences in child health indicators have been identified in families with different financial situations. Thus, a study conducted by D.Yu. Lebedev, made it possible to obtain a social and hygienic portrait of a poor rural family raising children. The main characteristics of such families were: low level of education of fathers and mothers, employment primarily in unskilled labor, living in unsatisfactory living conditions, unregistered marriage or single-parent family, low income, frequent conflicts, and low medical activity. Approximately 50% of children from poor families were lagging behind the norm in terms of physical development. More than 30.1% of children had chronic pathology.

According to T.V. Yakovleva et al., in the structure of morbidity according to the data on the appeal of preschool children from poor families, respiratory diseases were in first place, diseases of the musculoskeletal system were in second place, followed by diseases of the circulatory system, as well as the endocrine system and metabolic disorders. In boys, normosomia (underweight) and short stature with normal body weight were more often recorded. According to the survey results, it was found that the majority of children from poor families are not ready for schooling, and more than 30% of children had chronic pathology, and more than 50% had morphofunctional disorders.

It has been established that children born into poor families are much more likely to exhibit signs of antisocial behavior. However, as soon as their parents have the opportunity to earn big money and, as a result, the family’s financial situation improves, the children’s behavior begins to fall within normal limits.

The stability of family relationships largely depends on the psychological climate in it, which ultimately determines the development of both children and adults. However, the state of the psychological climate cannot be unchanged, given forever. Whether it will be favorable or unfavorable depends on the behavior of family members, and it depends on this what it will be like. Thus, the psychological climate of a family can be defined as the result of family communication, that is, a more or less stable emotional mood characteristic of it. For example, signs of a favorable psychological climate are: the possibility of comprehensive development of the personality of all its members, their high, benevolent demands on each other, a sense of security and emotional satisfaction, pride in belonging to their family, as well as responsibility and family cohesion.

In addition, the determining criteria for the presence of a favorable psychological climate in a family is the desire of all its members to spend free time in the home circle, communicate on mutually interesting topics, do homework, and at the same time openness of the family and its wide contacts. Thus, only 13% of children from poor families are brought up in conditions of a good (favorable) psychological climate. At the same time, 28.3% reported a poor psychological climate. WHO experts have convincingly shown that children suffering from insufficient communication with adults and their hostile attitude, as well as children brought up in conditions of family discord, are much more likely to experience various mental health disorders.

At the same time, 3.2% of children from poor families were not wanted. Children from such families were more often raised by one parent than children in “rich” families. In “poor” families, parents were less likely to have higher education than in “rich” families. At the same time, parents in “poor” families are more likely to have temporary jobs, and parents from “rich” families are more socially active in looking for work and more often, compared to parents from “poor” families, work in other cities.

Currently, single-parent families and large families predetermine the low financial status of the family.

The majority of single-parent families are socially disadvantaged families, that is, families with a complex of risk factors, including health reasons. Social and hygienic factors that have a negative impact on the health of children from single-parent families are primarily: the low level of the family’s financial situation, unsatisfactory living conditions, poor nutrition, and the low cultural level of the family. As well as the presence of an unfavorable psychological microclimate in the family, bad habits among parents, low physical activity of children, occupational hazards among parents, low self-esteem and low motivation to educate children, non-compliance with personal hygiene rules and low medical activity. The main medical and biological risk factors that determine the health status of children are the presence of developmental defects and concomitant pathologies in a child from an early age, hereditary burden, complications of pregnancy and childbirth, and disharmonious physical development. The high-risk group includes children from single-parent families who have unsatisfactory adaptation and low compensatory reserve capabilities due to severe anxiety, irritability and high fatigue, as well as disharmonious physical development as a result of underweight and short stature. Thus, a study conducted by M.A. Punina et al. , showed that 66.9% of single-parent families ate irregularly, the predominance of bakery and pasta products in the diet was established, and an extremely small amount of vegetables and fruits; on the contrary, such a pattern was not established in complete families.

The largest proportion of families living in unfavorable housing conditions was found in families of single mothers. In terms of financial situation, the majority of single-parent families (86.4%) belong to a low and very low level of wealth.

Women with illegitimate children were characterized by a lower level of education than women-mothers raising children in a two-parent family. At the same time, among single mothers there was a higher proportion of those working more than nine hours; therefore, they could devote significantly less time to their child, including talking with him about the principles of health protection, a healthy lifestyle and disease prevention. That is, such single-parent families are characterized by a sharp deterioration in the psychological state of mothers (as one parent), a feeling of self-doubt, a sense of fear and irritation due to a decrease in the material well-being of the family. Such families are largely characterized by a formal attitude towards caring for the child; mothers, due to chronic lack of time and fatigue, take little interest in the child’s life, and grandparents, on the contrary, often show excessive care.

Children from single-parent families, compared to complete families, were characterized by more frequent cases of health problems, the formation of chronic diseases and functional disorders was more often observed, and in the structure of diseases there was a predominance of diseases of the cardiovascular system (30%), gastrointestinal tract (26%). ), central nervous (25%) and musculoskeletal systems (20%).

The morbidity structure of children living in single-parent and two-parent families was similar in terms of the main nosological forms, but chronic pathology was observed 1.5 times more often in children from single-parent families than in those from two-parent families. Disturbances in the harmony of physical development (lack of body weight, short stature), and a decrease in indicators of mental and physical performance as a result of an insufficient level of adaptive reserve capabilities were recorded more often.

The level of general morbidity in children in single-parent families in the class of mental disorders and behavioral disorders is 2.3 times higher than in children raised in two-parent families, having a direct correlation with the level of morbidity in mothers in this class of diseases. The proportion of children with health group III in single-parent families was 1.4 times higher than in intact families.

The completeness of vaccination coverage of children, which is one of the main characteristics of a family’s medical activity, showed that the largest proportion of children (37%) did not receive vaccinations in families where both parents were absent; 32% of children remained unvaccinated in families raising a child without a father. As the level of financial support for the family decreased, the proportion of vaccinated children also decreased.

A similar situation has been observed in large families, where children also lag behind in terms of physical development and have high morbidity and mortality. Large families in modern Russia don't worry better times: there are financial difficulties, unsatisfactory living conditions and problems with finding a job. An increase in family size proportionally leads to the inevitable progression of problems: there is a decrease in the level of per capita income per family member, the quality of food, clothing, and there is no opportunity to pay due attention to the upbringing and education of children.

According to M.V. Safronova, E.V. Gavrilova, prosocial behavior as an inevitable attempt to protect children from large families is more pronounced when large families are burdened by a low level of family income. In such families, all children experienced problems communicating with peers, regardless of the socioeconomic status of the family.

Studying the medical and social state of families depending on the number of children, S.V. Smerdin revealed characteristics such families, namely:

High share dysfunctional families according to social status, which is associated with a state of risk and unfavorable health status of the 1st degree - characteristic small families;

Families with average children belong to the medical and social risk group;

The emergence of families with health problems of III-IV degree is typical for large families.

In the works of M.A. Punina, D.Yu. Lebedev studied the influence of bad habits on the health of children. According to their research, moderate alcohol consumption (no more than once a week) is observed in 2-3% of cases. A similar level was established for the level with the frequency of alcohol consumption several times a week. However, it is quite difficult to consider these data sufficiently objective, since it should not be ruled out that the possible concealment of adequate information about alcohol consumption is extremely serious, since real information about this is often hidden. It is very likely that, speaking about alcohol consumption only on holidays and family celebrations, the interviewed people also include ordinary drinking as part of these events.

Unfortunately, Russia belongs to the group of most “smoking” countries among industrialized countries. This fact proves that more than 60% of men and almost 10% of women smoke in the country. Recently, there has been an unfavorable increase in the prevalence of smoking, especially among young people and women. However, maternal smoking is likely to put children at high risk of poor health and the development of chronic diseases.

Thus, the proportion of smoking mothers (43%) from “poor” families prevails over that of mothers from “rich” families (15%). From total number Of mothers who smoked, 33% smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day. Moreover, in 25% of families, adults smoked in the presence of a child. At the same time, it is well known that passive smoking has a detrimental effect on many functions of the child’s body. However, 4% of schoolchildren from “poor” families and 3% of children from “rich” families have already taken up smoking to one degree or another.

Thus, studies conducted in the field of child health have convincingly shown the decisive influence of social disadvantage on the increase in the risk of acute and chronic low-level physical, somatic, neurological diseases. mental development and moral health, as a natural result of the development of a state of chronic stress in a child against the background of functional and somatic immaturity of the body.

Bibliographic link

Denisov A.P., Kun O.A., Denisova O.A., Filippova E.D., Ravdugina T.G., Banyushevich I.A. STATE OF CHILDREN'S HEALTH DEPENDING ON CONDITIONS AND LIFESTYLE OF THE FAMILY (REVIEW OF LITERATURE) // International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. – 2017. – No. 10-2. – P. 236-240;
URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=11895 (access date: 01/31/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

School age is an important period of childhood and adolescence in terms of its responsibility, significant both in itself and as a stage of socialization of the individual for further adult life, professional activity, creating a family (“Our new school", 2010). General educational institution, i.e. school is a place active work a child for 11 years - the most intensive period of his development, therefore, it must create conditions that guarantee the preservation and strengthening of the health of students.

Children's health is a prerequisite and goal modern concept general (school) education, which is presented as the state of an individual when all his organs and the body as a whole are capable of fully performing their functions in the absence of illness and disease.

The promotion of the problem of children's health among the priority tasks of social development determines the relevance of the theoretical and practical development of this problem, determining the need to launch relevant scientific research and develop methodological and organizational approaches to the preservation of health, its formation and development.

A child’s health is formed in the process of implementing a genetic development program in specific social and natural environment that determine the implementation of biological and social functions. Children, regardless of their social well-being, are subject to special protection, including care for their health and adequate legal protection in the field of health care, and have priority rights in the provision of medical care. Children from single-parent families deserve special care, because... Pediatric scientists studying the state of their health (Kuchma R.M., Skoblina N.A., Milushkina O.Yu., 2002) conclude that children with one parent are much more likely to be susceptible to acute and chronic diseases. In such families, the mother is forced, first of all, to provide financial support to the detriment of raising and promoting the health of children. Children from single-parent families have lower levels of optimism, mood and well-being, a reduced desire for a healthy lifestyle, and they more often violate the rules of rational nutrition. .

The Government of the Russian Federation has designated the task of preserving and strengthening the health of 13.5 million students in general education institutions and developing healthy lifestyle values ​​among them as the most important strategic priority for reforming the education system. The protection of children's health is recognized by the state as the most important and a necessary condition physical and mental development of the younger generation (Article 7 of the “Law on the Protection of Citizens’ Health” Federal Law No. 323 of November 21, 2011). According to Article 41 of Federal Law No. 273 dated December 29, 2012 “On education in Russian Federation» health protection for schoolchildren determines the obligation to regularly undergo preventive medical examinations and medical examinations.

The environment of secondary schools is a complex set of conditions that shape the child’s lifestyle and ensure the learning process. The school microenvironment includes the conditions for locating the institution on the territory of a populated area, the architectural plan of the building, the sanitary and hygienic condition and maintenance of the premises, the organization of the educational process, physical activity, nutrition and medical care, etc.

The quantitative indicator of “ill health” is equally maximum among children in the regional center and schoolchildren in the village. The results of scientific research show that only 10% of school graduates are healthy, 40% have various chronic diseases, of which 30% have diseases that limit their choice of profession. In terms of the level and structure of physical development, rural schoolchildren differ from students in urban schools, especially in terms of indicators characterizing the functioning of the cardiovascular system. The identified differences were recorded against the background of minor differences in the values ​​of total body parameters: for example, rural girls do not lag behind their urban peers in terms of height and body weight. Morphofunctional characteristics of adaptation features, according to cardiointervalogram data and hemodynamic indicators, indicate an increase in the stress index in rural schoolchildren at the stages individual development unlike the children of the metropolis, while not going beyond the physiological norm.

The implementation of the principle of variability in school education is achieved through the creation of new types of educational institutions (gymnasiums, lyceums, schools with in-depth study of individual subjects) with the right to develop their own learning programs and apply various educational technologies, which do not receive a sanitary and hygienic examination to determine their harmlessness to the health of schoolchildren. The constantly increasing intensification of the educational load exposes a significant part of students (up to 80%) to school stress, which increases the level of neuroticism among children and increases the number of didactogenic neuroses among them (up to 50%). This leads to a 2-fold increase in the prevalence of all classes and groups of diseases among students in new types of schools, which exceeds the prevalence of the corresponding pathology among children and adolescents in public schools. According to the results of a comprehensive assessment of the health status, less than half of rural schoolchildren in the Nizhny Novgorod region (2010) were considered healthy: 1st health group - 10.1% of schoolchildren, 2nd - 34.2%, sick children were recorded 54.6%, of which 53.2% with chronic pathology are in the compensation stage and 1.4% are in the subcompensation stage. The distribution of schoolchildren by health groups depending on the level of education shows a decrease in the number of healthy children with increasing educational experience - from 63.3% in the lower grades to 35.5%) in the senior grades. The incidence rate of rural schoolchildren in terms of visits is lower compared to the results of in-depth medical examinations of urban children, which is associated with less availability of qualified medical care in rural areas and reduced medical activity of rural residents.

According to the Concept of State Policy for the Protection of Children's Health in the Russian Federation (2009), a child’s health is the process of his individual physical, mental, mental, spiritual, moral, cultural and social development, not limited by factors of the internal and external environment.

The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of nutrition, as well as the level of physical development of rural schoolchildren differ in the most important indicators from the corresponding indicators of urban children. Data from studies conducted in the Nizhny Novgorod region indicate changes in the physical development of children, both in a large industrial center - the city of Nizhny Novgorod, and and those living in rural areas of the Nizhny Novgorod region, due to the rapid increase in the number of risk factors affecting growth and development, and the urban environment projects a more negative reflection on the morphofunctional development of the modern younger generation. .

Over the past 20 years, both in Russia and in other countries, trends in physical development have begun to be noted, showing a decrease in circumference chest, decreased muscle strength, shift in growth spurts to an earlier age. Research results indicate two extreme trends in changes in body weight: insufficient and excessive, and the second is observed much more often and is positioned by European scientists as an “obesity epidemic.” An analysis of the results of functional parameters of students in the Nizhny Novgorod region showed that modern schoolchildren, unlike their peers in the 70s of the last century, have lower values ​​of indicators of functional capabilities, due to a decrease in the results of the Stange test, vital and strength indices, while the indicators of the Genchi test decreased slightly . The identified changes in indicators of functional reserves occurred against the background of a significant increase in total body parameters and occasionally multidirectional changes in vital capacity of the lungs and dynamometry, which may have led to reduced values ​​of the studied indices and samples.

The level of biological maturation of rural schoolchildren over the past 45 years has increased statistically significantly and tends to converge to that of urban schoolchildren at the beginning of the 21st century. Modern rural schoolchildren of the Nizhny Novgorod region are characterized by high variability in the onset of the stage of appearance of secondary sexual characteristics and their severity. The results of the study showed that over the past 40 years, there have been ambiguous changes in the indicators of the functional state of rural schoolchildren with a general decrease in adaptation resources.

Thus, a comprehensive study of the processes of morphofunctional development, as an indicator of the achieved level of health of students, has become a mandatory component of the system for monitoring its quality among the younger generation. The dynamics of the conditions of the educational and upbringing environment justify the regular development of new, more informative methods for studying age-related patterns of growth and development for the correct assessment of children’s health in modern conditions, incl. living in rural areas.


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Life in the 21st century presents us with many new problems, among which the most pressing today is the problem of maintaining health. This problem is especially acute in educational field, where any practical work is aimed at improving the health of children by improving the health service. Domestic and foreign scientists have long established that human health depends only 7-8% on the success of healthcare, and 50% on lifestyle. Against the backdrop of environmental and social tension in the country, against the backdrop of an unprecedented increase in diseases of “civilization,” in order to be healthy, you need to master the art of preserving and strengthening it.

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Topic: “The state of health of children and adolescents in modern stage».

  1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . 3
  2. Morbidity in children and adolescents. . . . . 5
  3. Factors influencing the health of children and adolescents10
  4. Problems and solutions. . . . . . . 13
  5. Conclusion. . . . . . . . 15
  6. List of used literature. . . . 16

Introduction.

Life in the 21st century presents us with many new problems, among which the most pressing today is the problem of maintaining health. This problem is especially acute in the educational field, where any practical work is aimed at strengthening the health of children by improving the health service. Domestic and foreign scientists have long established that human health depends only 7-8% on the success of healthcare, and 50% on lifestyle. Against the backdrop of environmental and social tension in the country, against the backdrop of an unprecedented increase in diseases of “civilization,” in order to be healthy, you need to master the art of preserving and strengthening it. This art should be given as much attention as possible in an educational institution. In addition, it must be taken into account that now there are practically no ideally healthy children. We should also not forget that only in childhood is the most favorable time for developing healthy habits, which, in combination with teaching children methods of improving and maintaining health, will lead to positive results. Therefore, the problem of improving the health of children is not a one-day campaign, but a purposeful, systematically planned work of the entire team educational institution for a long period.

Current problems of modern medicine and healthcare include the search for ways to improve the health of children and adolescents. Preserving and strengthening the health of the child and mother, the role of various factors in its optimization determine one of the leading directions in the development of the state’s social policy and are the most important strategic task of modern children’s health care, since the health of these population groups determines the health of the nation as a whole, increasing the duration of active life and creative longevity of the inhabitants of our country.

The health of the child population is determined by a number of factors, among which the leading ones are lifestyle and heredity, the course of pregnancy and childbirth, place of residence and the state of the external environment, the quality of medical care and other factors. Modern socio-economic conditions, despite the implementation of measures to modernize the healthcare system, have an adverse impact on the health of some of the population, primarily children, therefore the primary task of healthcare is the development of treatment health activities aimed at positively changing the health indicators of children and adolescents.

An analysis of published materials shows that for the period from 1990 to 2000. The birth rate decreased by 2 times, reaching its minimum value in 2000. the subsequent moderate increase in the number of births was partly due to the fact that larger generations of women born in the 1980s began to enter fertile age.

Despite the positive dynamics of growth in the number of newborns since 2005, there has been a decrease in the share of children in the overall structure of the population since 1990: from 23.1% in 1990 to 15.3% in 2012.

Morbidity in children and adolescents.

The study and analysis of morbidity among children is gaining great importance, since, knowing the level and structure of morbidity, it is possible not only to objectify the degree of loss of health, but also to determine the amount of medical, social and economic damage, and to develop priority directions for improving the health of the analyzed population group. Considering that parents almost always consult a doctor when their child becomes ill, studying morbidity rates allows us to obtain the most complete information about the health of the assigned contingent. In this regard, when assessing the health of children and adolescents, attention is paid primarily to the analysis of morbidity indicators.

It has been established that over the period from 1995 to the present, the frequency of births of children born sick or ill in the first days of life has increased by 25.7%, and the frequency of births of children in whom pathology arising in the perinatal period has been identified has increased by 1.9 times. It was noted that the frequency of births of children with congenital anomalies and developmental defects remains almost at the same level.

An analysis of the morbidity level of children in the first year of life showed that for the period from 1990 to the present, the highest level was observed in 2000, which by 2011 decreased by 8.1%.

The structure of morbidity is a qualitative characteristic of morbidity and allows us to determine the leading pathology for the population group being studied, the nature of changes in pathology over time, and focus attention on identifying risk factors for the occurrence of a particular pathology.

In the structure of morbidity among children of the first year, respiratory diseases lead, accounting for 43.7% of all identified pathologies. In general, diseases occupying the first five places account for 76.0% of all identified pathologies.

A detailed analysis of the dynamics of the morbidity structure of children in the first year of life showed that the first three places over the past 20 years have been consistently occupied by respiratory diseases, conditions arising in the perinatal period, and diseases nervous system. However, if the level of respiratory diseases tends to decrease, the level of conditions arising in the perinatal period has doubled.

Other diseases included diseases of the eye and its adnexa, trauma and poisoning, diseases of the genitourinary system, ear and mastoid process.

A study of the incidence of children and adolescents showed that its level has a steady upward trend. In general, over the past 20 years, the morbidity rate among children has increased by 68.4%, and among adolescents - by 98.4%.

The structure of morbidity among adolescents is almost identical to the structure of morbidity among children. The first four places are occupied, respectively, by diseases of the respiratory system, trauma and discharge, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and diseases of the digestive system. In 5th place instead of infectious diseases are diseases of the genitourinary system. The first five places account for 75.8% of all identified pathologies.

The level of all of these classes of diseases has had a steady upward trend over the past 10 years. Noteworthy is the increase in the level of injuries among children and adolescents by 1.5 times, diseases of the musculoskeletal system by 4.8 times, the genitourinary system by 3.9 times, the digestive system by 2.1 times, the skin and subcutaneous tissue by 1 ,9 times, the eyes and its appendages by 28.3%. A favorable point is the reduction in the incidence of infectious diseases by 22.6%.

The most vulnerable group are long-term and frequently ill children and adolescents. It has been established that the proportion of this group, depending on age, ranges from 15 to 30% of the total number of children. This group maintains a high morbidity rate among children and adolescents. Such children are more likely to develop chronic diseases and maintain a high prevalence of chronic pathology. The presence of a chronic process often leads to disability, which persists for high level. The number of disabled children has increased from 156 thousand in 1990. up to 541 thousand currently. According to expert estimates, the number of disabled children will double in the next 5 years. The number of healthy children, according to various studies, currently does not exceed 4-9%.

The listed trends in the health of children are associated with a complex of factors that adversely affect the growing body. The most significant of them can be considered:

Deterioration of the social status of most children;

Changes in food quality;

Impact environmental factors: the role of ecopathogenic factors in the deterioration of the health status of modern children is indisputable. This is due to the constantly increasing technogenic load on a growing organism. Industrial pollution of places of residence increases the level of chronic pathology by 60%, including respiratory diseases by 67%, digestive diseases by 77.6%, musculoskeletal diseases by 21%, neoplasms by 15%;

Increasing severity of endemic goiter: the cessation of iodine prophylaxis in Russia led not only to the prevalence of endemic goiter, but also to an increase to 9-12% in the number of children with stunted growth, to 14% of schoolchildren with learning difficulties, to 5-12% of the proportion of adolescents with disorders of puberty;

Drug “aggression”: the still widespread practice of unjustified inclusion of potent antibiotics in therapy and the high drug burden on children leads to many negative changes in the children’s body, primarily to a decrease in natural defense mechanisms and the development of multiple organ pathologies;

Introduction of new forms of education: reforming school education without taking into account the health status of children has significantly increased the incidence of illness. With the introduction of new forms of education, when hundreds of new programs literally fell upon students, daily school classes exceeded the permissible norms by 3-5 hours. With this “anti-child” reform, the school has turned into a factor destroying health. This is evidenced by the fact that the number of healthy children in modern educational institutions from the first to the eleventh grade of school it decreases by at least a third.

Thus, the data presented indicate that the health status of children and adolescents in the Russian Federation is characterized by an increase in the level of morbidity in general and for certain classes of diseases; an increase in the proportion of children suffering from chronic diseases; a decrease in the number of healthy children in all age and sex groups.

Factors influencing the health of children and adolescents

In the process of ontogenesis, childhood and adolescence, from 0 to 17 years, is an extremely intense period of morphofunctional changes, which should be taken into account when assessing the formation of health. At the same time, this age period is characterized by the influence of a whole social environment and the frequency of their change (nursery, kindergarten, school, professional education, work activity).

The child population is exposed to a variety of environmental factors, many of which are considered risk factors for the development of adverse changes in the body. Three groups of factors play a decisive role in the occurrence of deviations in the health of children and adolescents:

  1. Factors characterizing the genotype of a population (“genetic load”);
  2. Lifestyle;
  3. State of the environment.

Social and environmental factors do not act in isolation, but in complex interaction with biological, including hereditary, factors. This determines the dependence of the morbidity of children and adolescents both on the environment in which they are located, and on the genotype and biological patterns of growth and development.

According to the World Health Organization, the contribution of social factors and lifestyle in the formation of health is about 40%, environmental pollution factors - 30% (including natural and climatic conditions - 10%), biological factors– 20%, medical services – 10%. However, these values ​​are averaged and do not take into account the age-related characteristics of the growth and development of children, the formation of pathology in certain periods of their lives, and the prevalence of risk factors. The role of certain socio-genetic and medical-biological factors in the development of adverse changes in health varies depending on the gender and age of the individual. The health status of children is influenced by certain factors:

  1. Medical and biological risk factors during pregnancy and childbirth of the mother: the age of the parents at the time of the birth of the child, chronic diseases of the mother during pregnancy, taking various medications during pregnancy, psychological trauma during pregnancy, complications of pregnancy (especially gestosis in the second half of pregnancy) and childbirth, and etc.;
  2. Risk factors in early childhood: birth weight, feeding patterns, deviations in health status in the first year of life, etc.;
  3. Risk factors characterizing the conditions and lifestyle of the child: living conditions, income and level of education of parents (primarily mothers), smoking of parents, family composition, psychological climate in the family, attitude of parents to the implementation of preventive and therapeutic measures.

When assessing the contribution of individual factors that make up the social and hygienic group, it must be remembered that their role is different in different age groups.

At the age of up to 1 year, among social factors, the nature of the family and the education of the parents are decisive. At the age of 1-4 years, the importance of these factors decreases, but still remains quite significant. However, already at this age the role of living conditions and family income, keeping animals and smoking of relatives in the house increases. An important factor is whether the child attends a preschool institution. It is most important in the age group 1-4 years. At school age highest value have factors of the intra-housing environment, including the intra-school environment, which amount to 12.5% ​​in primary school, and by the end of school – 20.7%, i.e. increase almost 2 times. At the same time, the contribution of social and hygienic factors during the same period of child growth and development decreases from 27.5% upon entry into school to 13.9% at the end of education.

Among the biological factors in all age groups of children, the main factors influencing greatest influence on morbidity are diseases of the mother during pregnancy and complications of pregnancy. Since the presence of complications during childbirth (premature, late, rapid labor, heart failure) can lead to poor health in the future, this also allows us to evaluate their risk factors.

Among the factors of early childhood, natural feeding and hygienic proper child care are of particular importance.

Each age is characterized by the predominance of certain risk factors, which determines the need for a differentiated approach to assessing the role and contribution of factors, planning and implementation of preventive and health measures.

It is most advisable to objectively study the factors influencing the health of children and adolescents using special formalized cards, questionnaires, etc.

Problems and solutions

Already today, the quality of health of children and adolescents has significantly reduced the social opportunities of adolescents and young people. 30% of them have restrictions in obtaining a decent education, 26% - to serve in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Every fourth person has a high risk of reproductive dysfunction. A significant proportion of children and adolescents have a low level of physical activity, do not follow doctor’s recommendations, have insufficient sleep and eating disorders, do not consult a doctor in a timely manner, have tried smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages, and have other negative factors of medical activity. On average, there are 4-6 negative factors per child.

A survey of school-age children about factors that maintain health showed that the majority of respondents (73.4%) consider health the main value in life, therefore they are convinced of the need proper nutrition, high physical activity, absence of bad habits.

At the same time, the desired behavior is not always carried out in Everyday life. Unfortunately, children receive information about a healthy lifestyle and factors influencing health mainly not from medical workers (29.6%) and parents (18.9%), but from friends and comrades (49.6%) , as well as from our own, not always successful, experience (45.7%). It is noteworthy that the vast majority of children and adolescents (86.3%) do not always trust advertising of a healthy lifestyle and more than half of them (63.6%) would like to follow the recommendations of a specialist doctor on a healthy lifestyle. At the same time, the family plays a leading role in the formation of elements of a healthy lifestyle.

It is quite obvious that maintaining and restoring the health of children in modern conditions requires the introduction of mass preventive programs, the creation of optimal conditions for education and training, on the one hand, harmonious development and competent treatment of diseases, on the other.

The priority scientific tasks include:

Assessment of the adaptive capabilities of children of different ages to the influence of environmental factors: feeding characteristics, inadequate physical activity, xenobiotics, stress, increased school loads, etc.;

Development of new technologies for preserving and promoting health, based on age-specific forecasts of adaptation, increasing the body’s functional reserves to the effects of risk factors;

Justification and assessment of the quality of children's health;

Development of new algorithms for the treatment of various diseases of the newborn period, providing for a reduction in the drug burden on immature (premature) children;

Study of the modern etiological structure of infectious pathology in newborns and development effective methods their prevention and treatment.

To successfully implement the results of scientific research and effective preventive technologies, little is needed: to make the protection of the health of children and adolescents a national priority of the state. At the same time, only clear interaction and continuity among educational and medical institutions can ensure improved health indicators for children.

Conclusion.

When solving the most important issues of disease prevention, it is necessary to take into account the psychological patterns of personal development in a team, considering its influence on the individual as the most important condition, explaining the cause, nature and nature of the pathogenesis of many types of somatic disorders. Experts have repeatedly drawn attention to the need to combat risk factors not only at the individual level, but also at the public level. Participation of government and public organizations in mass campaigns to create conditions for the health of Russians.

Therefore, among value orientations Concern for a healthy lifestyle should be in one of the first places and implemented through appropriate behavior. Probably the sage was right when he once said that over time, illnesses will be seen as a consequence of a perverted way of thinking, as a sign of lack of culture, lack of knowledge, and therefore it will be shameful to get sick.

List of used literature:

1. Badalov O. Yu., Kozlovsky I. Z. The concept of the activities of an institution that favors adolescents and youth // Sat. works Problems of territorial health care. – M., 2005. – P. 105–110.

2. Baranov A. A., Kuchma V. R., Sukhareva L. M. The state of health of modern children and adolescents and the role of medical and social factors in its formation // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. – 2009. – No. 5. – P. 6–11.

3. Baranov A. A., Albitsky V. Yu. Social and organizational problems of pediatrics. Selected Essays. – M., 2006. – 505 p.

4. Children in Russia, 2009: statistics. Sat. / Unicef, Rosstat. – M.: IRC “Statistics of Russia”, 2009. 121 p.

5. Onishchenko G. G. Ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the children's population of Russia // Hygiene and Sanitation. – 2008. – No. 2. – P. 72–78.

6. On the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation in 2009. State report. – M.: Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, 2010. – 456 p.