1 Lesosibirsk Pedagogical Institute - branch of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Siberian Federal University"
2 FSBEI HE "Siberian State University of Technology"- Lesosibirsk branch
The article provides a theoretical analysis of studies of the category of "image of the world" in the works of Russian psychologists. It is shown that the term first used in the work of A.N. Leontyev, studied in the framework of different humanities, where it is filled with various semantic content. Comparing the concepts of “image of the world”, “picture of the world”, “multidimensional image of the world”, the authors highlight the characteristics of the image of the world: integrity, sensuality, processuality, social and natural determinism. According to the authors, in modern Russian psychology the most attractive is the approach proposed by V.E. A piece in the framework of systemic anthropological psychology, where a person, understood as an open psychological system, includes the image of the world (subjective component), lifestyle (activity component) and reality itself - the multidimensional human life world. In this case, the multidimensional image of the human world acts as a dynamic systemic construct that unites subjective-objective perception and is characterized by a single space and time.
systemic anthropological psychology.
multidimensional image of the world
psychology
image of the world
1. Artemyeva E.Yu. Psychology of subjective semantics. - Publishing house of LCI, 2007.
3. Klochko V.E. Self-organization in psychological systems: problems of the formation of the mental space of the individual (introduction to trans-perspective analysis). - Tomsk: Publishing house of the Tomsk state. University, 2005.
4. Klochko V.E. Formation of the multidimensional world of man as the essence of ontogenesis // Siberian psychological journal. - 1998. - P.7-15.
5. Klochko Yu.V. Rigidity in the structure of a person's readiness to change the way of life: dis. ... Candidate of Psychological Sciences. - Barnaul, 2002.
6. Krasnoryadtseva OM Features of professional thinking in conditions of psychodiagnostic activity. - Publishing house of BSPU, 1998.
7. Leontiev A.N. Psychology of the image // Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. 14. Psychology. - 1979. - No. 2. - P.3-13.
8. Mazlumyan V.S. Picture of the World and Image of the World ?! // The world of psychology. - 2009. - No. 4. - S.100-109.
9. Matis D.V. Reconstruction of the dynamics of the image of the human world by means of psychohistorical analysis: dis. ... Candidate of Psychological Sciences. - Barnaul, 2004.
10. Medvedev D.A. The image of the world as an internal factor in the development of the personality of a student of a pedagogical university: dis. ... Candidate of Psychological Sciences. - Stavropol, 1999.
11. Serkin V.P. Five definitions of the concept of "image of the world" // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser. 14. Psychology. - 2006. - No. 1. - p. 11-19.
12. Smirnov S.D. The psychology of the image: the problem of the activity of mental reflection. - M .: Moscow State University, 1985.
13. Tkhostov A.Sh. Topology of the subject // Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. 14. Psychology. - 1994. - No. 2. - P.3-13.
The term first used by A.N. Leontiev in 1975, characterizes the image of the world as a world in which “people live, act, remake and partially create”, and the formation of the image of the world is “a transition beyond the immediate sensory picture”. Analyzing the problem of perception, the scientist distinguishes, in addition to the dimensions of space and time, the fifth quasi-dimension - the intrasystemic connections of the objective objective world, when “the picture of the world is filled with meanings” and makes the image of the world subjective. It was with the development of this phenomenon that A.N. Leontiev linked "one of the main points of growth" of the general psychological theory of activity.
The concept of "image of the world" is used in various sciences - philosophy, sociology, cultural studies, linguistics, in each of which it acquires additional shades of meaning and is often interchanged with synonymous concepts: "picture of the world", "scheme of reality", "model of the universe", "cognitive map". The development of the problem of the "image of the world" affects a wide layer of philosophical and psychological research, and the projection of this problem is found in the works of many Russian scientists. To one degree or another, the formation of the “image of the world” phenomenon was influenced by the works of M.M. Bakhtina, A.V. Brushlinsky, E.V. Galazhinsky, L.N. Gumilyov, V.E. Klochko, O. M. Krasnoryadtseva, M.K. Mamardashvili, G.A. Berulava, V.P. Zinchenko, S.D. Smirnova and others.
The lack of formation of ideas about the studied phenomenon is also confirmed by the fact that in psychological dictionaries there are different interpretations of the image of the world: an integral, multi-level system of human ideas about the world, other people, about himself and his activities; an integrated system of general ideas of a person about the world, other people and about himself, a scheme of reality in coordinates of space and time, covered by a system of socially formed meanings, etc. However, the authors agree, noting the primacy of the image of the world in relation to any specific image, in other words, any image that appears in a person is due to the image of the world already formed in his (person's) consciousness.
In a number of studies devoted to the analysis of the category of the image of the world, this phenomenon is viewed through the prism - "representations of the world" V.V. Petukhov, typology of the life-worlds of F.E. Vasilyuk, the subjective experience of E.Yu. Artemyeva, "pictures of the world" by N.N. Koroleva, "pictures of the world order" by Yu.A. Aksenova and others.
E.Yu. Artemyeva considers the image of the world as a formation that regulates the entire mental activity of the subject, and the property of which is the accumulation of the prehistory of activity (Artemyeva, 30). According to the author, there should be a structure capable of being a regulator and building material for the image of the world, in the role of which the structure of subjective experience acts. In this context, the scientist distinguishes the surface layer ("perceptual world"), semantic ("picture of the world"), the layer of amodal structures (the actual image of the world). Note that in the future, the level structure of the image of the world is analyzed in the works of F.V. Bassin, V.V. Petukhova, V.V. Stolin, O.V. Tkachenko and others.
S. D. Smirnov believes that the image of the world is a holistic formation of the cognitive sphere of a person, performing the function of the starting point and result of any cognitive act, specifying that the image of the world "cannot be identified with a sensory picture." The scientist notes the main characteristics of the image of the world: amodality, integrity, multilevel, emotional and personal meaningfulness, secondary.
S. D. Smirnov highlights the following characteristics image of the world:
1. The image of the world does not consist of images of individual phenomena and objects, but from the very beginning it develops and functions as a whole.
2. The image of the world in functional terms precedes actual stimulation and sensory impressions caused by it.
3. The interaction of the image of the world and stimulus influences is not built on the principle of processing, modification of stimulus-induced sensory impressions with the subsequent binding of the image created from the sensory material to the pre-existing image of the world, but by approbation or modification (clarification, detailing, correction or even significant restructuring) of the image of the world
4. The main contribution to the construction of the image of an object or situation is made by the image of the world as a whole, and not by a set of stimulus influences.
5. Movement from the images of the world towards stimulation from the outside is the mode of its existence and is, relatively speaking, spontaneous. This process ensures constant testing of the image of the world by sensory data, confirmation of its adequacy. If the possibilities of such testing are violated, the image of the world begins to collapse.
6. We can talk about the continuous procedural nature of the movement from the "subject to the world", which is interrupted only with the loss of consciousness. The difference between the approach developed here is that the image of the world generates cognitive hypotheses not only in response to a cognitive task, but constantly.
7. It is not the subject who adds something to the stimulus, but the stimulus and the impressions caused by it serve as an "addition" to the cognitive hypothesis, turning it into a sensually experienced image.
8. If the main component of our cognitive image is a cognitive hypothesis, formed on the basis of the broad context of the image of the world as a whole, then it follows that this hypothesis itself at the level of sensory cognition should be formulated in the language of sensory impressions.
9. The most important characteristic of the image of the world, which provides it with the possibility of functioning as an active principle of the reflective process, is its activity and social nature.
V.S. Mazlumyan, analyzing the relationship between the concepts of "image of the world" and "picture of the world", notes that the image of the world is an individual emotive-semantic refraction of the social Picture of the world in the mind of an individual. Moreover, the image of the world is not a simple body of knowledge, but a reflection of individual shades of feelings and moods of an individual, which forms the basis for a person's orientation in the world and in his behavior.
YES. Medvedev puts three inseparable components into the concept of "image of the world": the image of the I, the image of the Other, the generalized image of the objective world, where all the components are contained in the human mind at the logical and figurative-emotional levels and regulate the subject's perception of the surrounding reality, as well as his behavior and activities ... At the same time, the person peers into the world, which, under his exploratory or simply observing gaze "here and now" generates something new.
In modern psychology, a detailed analysis of the development of ideas about the essence of the "image of the world" phenomenon is made in the works of V.P. Serkin, who defined the image of the world as an incentive and orienting subsystem of the entire system of the subject's activities. The scientist, relying on the reasoning of A.N. Leontyev, identifies the following characteristics of the image of the world:
1. The image of the world is built on the basis of highlighting experience that is significant for the system of activities implemented by the subject.
2. Creation of an image of the world becomes possible in the process of transformation of the sensory fabric of consciousness into meanings ("meaning").
3. The image of the world is a plan of the subject's internal activity, i.e. integral individual system of human meanings.
4. The image of the world is an individualized cultural and historical basis of perception.
5. The image of the world is a subjective predictive model of the future.
According to A. Sh. Tkhostov, the image of the world is a phantom of the world, which acts as the only possible way of adapting to the world, at the same time, the image of the world cannot be evaluated outside the context, against which the cognitive hypotheses of the subject are actualized, objects are structured, and as a result, the only possible human reality is created.
The most attractive for our study is the approach proposed by V.E. Klochko within the framework of systemic anthropological psychology, where a person, understood as an open psychological system, includes the image of the world (subjective component), lifestyle (activity component) and reality itself - the multidimensional human life world. According to the author, development consists in expanding and increasing the dimensionality of the image of the world, which means that it acquires new coordinates. It is especially worth noting the concept of "multidimensional human world", which in the understanding of a scientist is the basis of a multidimensional image of the world. V.E. Klochko writes: “any image, including the image of the world, ... is the result of reflection. The multidimensional image of the world, therefore, can only be the result of the reflection of the multidimensional world ”, i.e. human being is larger and deeper than objectified reality, than that which can fit into the framework of knowledge.
Thus, new dimensions are not added to the subjective image, but exist in the human world from the very beginning. This interpretation brings together the ideas of V.E. Klochko with A.N. Leontiev, who called the derivative of the multidimensionality of the "fifth quasi-dimension" - the system of meanings, however, in V.E. In the course of the development of the human world, a little bit more dimensions of meanings and values are added. Similar ideas are found in the works of I.B. Khanina, for whom the multidimensionality of the image of the world is determined by the activity itself. In other words, the specificity and variability of the types of activity (play, educational, educational and professional, etc.) determines the emergence and development of different dimensions of the image of the world. At the same time, a person as a system cannot develop in all directions at once, he must choose the network basis that suits him for certain purposes, is optimal in its internal correlation, proportionality, which indicates the selectivity of mental reflection.
O. M. Krasnoryadtseva, analyzing the concept of "image of the world" and arguing about the origin of its multidimensionality, notes that it is thinking and perception that perform the functions that form this multidimensionality. According to the author, perception leads to the construction of an image of the world, and thinking is aimed at its creation, at the production of dimensions, at bringing it into a system. At the same time, perception objectifies the external and inscribes it into the image of the world, and thinking projects the self of a person, his essential forces and capabilities into the objective world that has opened up to him. Thus, we can talk about the image of the multidimensional world and the most multidimensional world as two poles unified system, which is ordered through perception and thinking.
Thus, the multidimensional image of the human world acts as a dynamic systemic construct that unites subjective-objective perception and is characterized by a single space and time.
In a number of dissertations, the ideas of V.E. A piece about the formation of the image of the human world. So, in the work of D.V. Matisse not only revealed the psychological mechanisms of reconstructing the image of the world and way of life (socialization, adaptation, language, religion, folk pedagogy), but also determined that the formation of the image of the world among different peoples has its own characteristics, due to the traditional socio-cultural space, and is determined by the entire course of the historical development of the ethnos. The author believes that the formation of the image of the world occurs in stages, by transforming culture into it, while from the moment of birth, its dimensionality gradually expands, and in adolescence, changes in the image of the world acquire a qualitative nature.
ON THE. Dolgikh notes the originality of the image of the world as a central category arts education, which allows us to talk about the possibility of forming the image of the world in the conditions and means of art education.
Yu.V. Klochko's dissertation research shows that three components can be distinguished in the structure of the image of the world:
1. The perceptual layer, which includes spatial categories and time and is characterized by a multitude of ordered objects moving relative to the subject; the specificity of this layer is representation in the form of various modalities;
2. The semantic layer, presented in the form of multidimensional relations, the presence of the meanings and qualities of objects, their characteristics; modalities are present and separated semantically;
3. Amodal layer, characterized by integrity and inseparability.
Thus, the considered concepts make it possible to characterize the image of the world as an integral multi-level structure, which includes a person's ideas about himself, about other people, about the world as a whole and about his activities in it, while the integrity of the image of the world is the result of the reflection of objective and subjective images. Most researchers focus on the role of perception, which makes it possible to create a holistic vision of the world.
Reviewers:
Loginova I.O., Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Head of the Department of Psychology and Pedagogy with a course of medical psychology, psychotherapy and pedagogy of PO, Dean of the Faculty of Clinical Psychology, KrasGMU named after prof. VF Voino-Yasenetsky Ministry of Health of Russia, Krasnoyarsk;
Ignatova V.V., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Psychology and Pedagogy of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Siberian State Technological University", Krasnoyarsk.
Bibliographic reference
Kazakova T.V., Basalaeva N.V., Zakharova T.V., Lukin Yu.L., Lugovskaya T.V., Sokolova E.V., Semenova N.I. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF RESEARCHING THE IMAGE OF THE WORLD IN DOMESTIC PSYCHOLOGY // Modern problems of science and education. - 2015. - No. 2-2 .;URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=22768 (date of access: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"
In 1979, an article by A.N. Leontyev's "Psychology of the image", in which the author introduced the concept of "image of the world", which today has a very large descriptive potential for all areas of psychology. The concept was introduced to summarize the empirical data accumulated in the study of perception. Just as the concept of "image" is integrating to describe the process of perception, so the concept of "image of the world" is integrating to describe the entire cognitive activities.
For an adequate perception of an object, it is necessary to perceive the whole world as a whole, and to "fit" the perceived object (in the broad sense of the word) into the image of the world as a whole. Analyzing the texts of A.N. Leontyev, the following properties of the image of the world can be distinguished:
1) the image of the world is "predetermined" to a specific act of perception;
2) combines individual and social experience;
3) the image of the world fills the perceived object with meaning, that is, it conditions the transition from sensory modalities to the amodal world. The value of A.N. Leont'ev called the image of the world the fifth quasi-dimension (apart from space-time).
In our works, it has been experimentally proved that the subjective meaning of events, objects, and actions with them structures (and generates) the image of the world is not at all analogous to the structuration of metric spaces, affectively “pulls and stretches” space and time, places emphasis on significance, disrupts their sequence and inverts ... Just as two points that are far away on a flat sheet can touch if the sheet is folded in three-dimensional space, objects that are far away in time and space coordinates, events and actions can touch in meaning, turn out to be "before", although they happened "after" coordinates of space-time. This is possible because "space and time of the image of the world" are subjective.
The generative functions of the image of the world provide the construction of many subjective “variants of reality”. The mechanism for generating and choosing the possible (forecast) is not only and not so much logical thinking, as the "semantics of possible worlds", directed by the nuclear layer (goal-motivational complex) of the image of the world.
For further use, we present five definitions of the concept of "image of the world" that we have compiled earlier:
1. The image of the world (as a structure) is an integral system of human meanings. The image of the world is built on the basis of the allocation of meaningful (essential, functional) for the system of activities implemented by the subject). The image of the world, presenting the known connections of the objective world, determines, in turn, the perception of the world.
2. The image of the world (as a process) is an integral ideal product of consciousness, obtained by constant transformation of the sensory fabric of consciousness into meanings.
3. The image of the world is an individualized cultural and historical basis of perception.
4. Image of the world - an individual predictive model of the world.
5. Image of the world - an integrated image of all images.
A.N. Leont'ev and many of his followers described a two-layer model of the image of the world (Fig. 1), which can be represented in the form of two concentric circles: the central one is the core of the image of the world (amodal, structures), peripheral (sensory design) is the picture of the world.
Rice. 1. Two-layer model of the image of the world
In view of the difficulties of operationalizing the study of the image of the world on the basis of a two-layer model, a three-layer model was used in our works - in the form of three concentric circles: the nuclear inner layer (amodal goal-motivational complex), the middle semantic layer and the outer layer - the perceptual world (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Three-layer model of the image of the world
The perceptual world is the most mobile and changeable layer of the image of the world. Images of actual perception are components of the perceptual world. The perceptual world is modal, but it is at the same time a representation (attitude, foresight and completion of the image of an object based on the predictive function of the image of the world as a whole), regulated by deeper layers. The perceptual world is perceived as a set of moving objects (including one's own body) ordered in space and time and an attitude towards them. It is possible that one's own body sets one of the leading systems of space-time coordinates.
The semantic layer is a transitional layer between surface and nuclear structures. The semantic world is not amodal, but, unlike the perceptual world, it is complete. At the level of the semantic layer E.Yu. Artemieva singles out the actual meanings as the relationship of the subject to the objects of the perceptual world. This integrity is already determined by the meaningfulness, the significance of the semantic world.
The deep layer (nuclear) is amodal. Its structures are formed in the process of processing the "semantic layer", however, it is not enough for reasoning about the "language" of this layer of the image of the world and its data structure. The components of the nuclear layer are personal meanings. In the three-layer model, the nuclear layer is characterized by the authors as a goal-motivational complex, which includes not only motivation, but the most generalized principles, criteria of attitude, values.
Developing a three-layer model of the image of the world, it can be assumed that the perceptual world has areas of perception and apperception (zones of clear consciousness according to G. Leibniz), similar to Wundt's zones. The term “areas of apperception” and not “areas of apperception” was chosen by us for a reason. This term emphasizes both the continuity of the ideas of Leibniz and Wundt, and the difference in the content of the term. Unlike W. Wundt, today one can point not to associative and arbitrary, but to motivational, goal-oriented and anticipating determinants of identifying areas of apperception. In addition, given the evidence proved by S.D. Smirnov's thesis that perception is a subjective activity, we can say that the allocation of areas of apperception is determined not only by actual stimulation, but also by all previous experience of the subject, guided by the goals of actions of practical activity and, of course, by the determinants of cognitive activity proper. The areas of apperception are not at all continuous, as was the case with Wundt. For example, in the experiments of W. Neisser, it was clearly shown that when perceiving two superimposed video images, the subjects easily select any of them on assignment, which is due to the anticipatory influence of the prognostic functions of the image of the world.
Similar areas exist in the deep layers of the image of the world. It is possible that the psychological mechanism of changes in the perceptual world, and behind it, in deeper layers, is precisely the dynamics of actualization of the areas of apperception, the content of which, in turn, is determined by the motive (object) of human activity. The parts of the perceptual world that are most often found in areas of intense perception, that is, associated with the object of activity, are the most well-structured and developed. If we imagine the model of the three-layer structure of the image of the world as a sphere in the center of which there are nuclear structures, the middle layer is the semantic layer, and the outer layer is the perceptual world, then the professional functional substructure is modeled as a cone growing with its top from the center of such a sphere (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Functional (activity) apperceptive subsystem of the image of the world
Stable activity-based functional subsystems of the image of the world are formed in any activity, but they are especially clearly “manifested” in the study of professional activity: a professional often demonstrates that he “sees”, “hears”, “feels” the features of his subject area (engine knocking, wallpaper joints, shades of color or sound, unevenness of the surface, etc.) are better than non-professionals not at all because he has better developed sense organs, but because the functional apperceptive system of the image of the world is "tuned" in a certain way.
Professional attitude to objects and means of professional activity E.Yu. Artemieva called the world of the profession. The proposed by E.A. Klimov of the multifaceted structure of the professional's world image is based on the thesis that professional activity- one of the factors of typification of individual images of the world: 1. The images of the surrounding world for representatives of different types of professions differ significantly. 2. Society is quantized into various objects in different ways in the descriptions of professions of different types. 3. There are specific differences in the picture of the subject attribution of gnosis of different types of professionals. 4. Different professionals live in different subjective worlds(emphasis mine - V.S.).
E.A. Klimov proposed the following structure of the professional's image of the world (Table 1):
Table 1: The structure of the professional's image of the world
The seventh plan is the most dynamic under normal conditions, the first is the least. The image of the world of a professional consists of quite definite systemic wholes, the disintegration of which leads to the loss of the professional usefulness of ideas.
Output data of the collection:
PSYCHOLOGY OF THE IMAGE A.N. LEONTIEVA
Vadim Goryachev
Cand. psychol. Sci., Associate Professor, Ryazan Branch of MPSU, Ryazan
The image is a rather active concept and is used in different ways in the system of scientific knowledge: psychological, historical, philosophical, pedagogical, ethnographic. In psychology, the image is often defined in the context of sensory perception and reflection of reality, the study of consciousness and the development of human cognitive activity. A fundamentally new problematic situation not only in the system of psychological knowledge, but also in the general educational space is outlined by the approaches to the image of the world in the context of the psychology of perception, expressed by A.N. Leontiev in his work "The Image of the World". As the scientist wrote: “the formation of the image of the world in a person is a transition beyond the limits of the“ directly sensible picture ”. The purpose of our article is to consider the category of "image" in the works of A.N. Leontyev, and above all, the position he made about the existing interconnection and interdependence of reflection and activity.
Analyzing the state of the theory of perception, A.N. Leontiev comes to the conclusion that in psychology there is a large number of accumulated knowledge in this direction, however, a full-fledged theory is virtually absent. From the point of view of a scientist, it is necessary to revise the very fundamental direction in which research is moving. Of course, A.N. Leont'ev proceeds from such fundamental provisions of dialectical materialism as the recognition of the primacy of matter in relation to spirit, consciousness, psyche, understanding of sensation and perception as a reflection of objective reality and brain function. The researcher insisted on translating these provisions into the practice of experimental work, while the author considered it necessary to radically change the very formulation of the problem of psychology of perception and abandon the imaginary postulates that remain in it.
One of the main provisions, endured and defended by A.N. Leont'ev, consists in the following: the problem of perception should be posed as a problem of the psychology of the image of the world and developed from this point of view. At the same time, the problem should be analyzed consistently materialistically, considering that every thing primarily exists objectively - in the objective relationships of the real world, and that it posits itself a second time in human consciousness, the direction of research should be the same.
A.N. Leont'ev also touches on the problem of biological development of the sense organs in connection with the four-dimensionality of the real world. He rightly points out the need to understand the phylogenetic evolution of the sense organs as a process of adaptation to four-dimensional space. Further A.N. Leont'ev introduces the concept of the so-called fifth dimension, in which objective reality is revealed to a person, understanding by it a kind of semantic field or system of meanings. “In man, the world acquires the fifth quasi-dimension in the image. It is by no means subjectively attributed to the world. It is a transition through sensuality, through sensory modalities, to the amodal world. The objective world appears in the meaning, that is, the picture of the world is filled with meanings. " In this way, perceiving a certain object, the subject does not have an image of its individual features, their simple totality (criticism of associative theories) and does not perceive, first of all, the form (criticism of Gestalt psychology), but perceives the object as a categorized object. Naturally, in the presence of an appropriate perceptual task, it is possible to perceive both individual elements of the object and its form, but in the absence of such, it is objectivity that comes to the fore.
A.N. Leontiev introduces the division of the image into its texture or sensual fabric and objectivity. Facture is understood as a set of individual elements of perception and connections between them, its main feature is the ability to collapse and replace without distorting objectivity. Most often, the explanation of this phenomenon (an indirect connection between the sensory fabric and the objectivity of the image) consists in attributing the categorical nature of perception itself. It is essential that with this approach there is a logical need to refer to ontogenetic a priori categories, which, according to the scientist, seems to be very dangerous.
In contrast to this approach, the author puts forward a fundamentally new idea: the properties of meaningfulness and categorization should be understood as characteristics of the conscious image of the world, not immanent in the image itself. O.E. Baksansky notes referring to A.N. Leont'ev that: “These characteristics, express the objectivity revealed by the totality of social practice, idealized in the system of meanings, which each individual individual finds as“ outside-his-existing ”- perceived, assimilated - and therefore the same as what is included in his image of the world. Thus, meanings are something that lies behind the "appearance of things", in the objective connections of the real world, cognized by the subject. In other words, meanings form in themselves a certain special dimension, which, according to A.N. Leont'ev is the fifth quasi-dimension of reality.
A.N. Leont'ev in his work defines perception as a means of constructing an image of reality (building an image, but not reality itself), an image more or less adequate to the latter. An important point on which the scientist focuses attention is the inadmissibility of being limited in research by an analytical approach. With regard to the psychology of perception, this problem consists in returning to that integral image of reality, which is built in the consciousness of the subject, in the process of perceiving the latter. In other words, the image of the world cannot be reduced to an aggregate of individual phenomena, characteristics and relations, abstracted from the real process of its functioning in the consciousness of the subject. Based on this position, A.N. Leont'ev expresses the idea of the amodality of the real world in its separation from the subject. Putting forward this thesis, the author proceeds to distinguish all the information that can be acquired about an object into a property of two types:
- properties of inanimate objects that can be detected in the process of their interaction with other inanimate objects;
- properties of inanimate objects that can be detected only in the process of their interaction with living organisms that have a certain way of arranged sense organs.
Properties of the second kind are manifested in specific effects perceived by specially adapted senses and depending on the structure of the latter; it is in this sense that they, according to A.N. Leontiev, are subjective or modal. It is essential that the same characteristics of objects can cause impressions of different modalities in the subject. In addition, such a property of perception as the integrity of an image has been empirically substantiated, that is, data from different senses are organized in a certain way into a certain single image, and during this process contradictions are resolved. Which can arise between information coming from different sources.
An important, from our point of view, is the position discussed by A.N. Leont'ev that any influence fits into the image of the world, that is, into a whole. As an empirical justification, the scientist cites the following established facts:
- not everything given in sensations reduces the situation into a subjective image;
- there is the phenomenon of "completing" the image, that is, the attribution of the situation to actually absent, but subjectively necessary elements.
Thus, the image of the world is a certain model, which is built on the basis of subjective experience, and in the future itself mediates the perception of this experience.
Summarizing the above, I would like to highlight the most fundamental ideas of A.N. Leontyev regarding the category "image of the world" that he introduced into scientific circulation:
- The image of the world is not the sum of perceptual images, the image is not a sensory picture.
- The image of the world mediates the interaction of the subject with reality.
- The world outside the subject is amodal, modalities of sensations appear as a result of the subject-object relationship of the individual with reality.
- Information from different senses is in a certain way coordinated in the image of the world into a single representation, that is, conflicting data are in some way coordinated into a consistent image.
- Modal characteristics of sensations caused by objects of reality depend on what biological species the perceiving subject belongs to.
- The image of the world presents not only objects that are actually present in the thesaurus of the subject's perception, it represents a relatively stable idea of reality.
The listed provisions, from our point of view, are very significant in the context of studying the image of the world. Particular attention should be paid to the formulation of the problem of the existence of a certain formation, which acts as an intermediary between objective reality and the perceiving subject, functioning in the form of a prism, which arouses the subject's interest in some of its elements and makes him completely ignore others. In addition, the essential thesis of A.N. Leont'ev on the amodality of the surrounding reality outside the subject, that is, the world acquires modal characteristics only in the process of the subject's interaction with reality.
In the context of studying the phenomenon of the image of the world, the idea of A.N. Leontyev that this formation is not a simple summation of perceptual data, that is, it is a relatively stable formation resulting from the processing of perception data. Associated with this understanding of the image of the world is the fact that any incoming information is embedded in some existing structure of the subject, the result of which is his ability and ability to take into account those objects in the environment. Which at the moment are not in the current field of perception.
In conclusion, I would like to note that A.N. Leont'ev's provisions were not appreciated at their true worth by a wide range of researchers, and the phenomenon of the image of the world is still practically little studied in Russian psychology. Probably, this situation is associated with certain methodological difficulties, the overcoming of which will allow us to consider the image of the world as an object of psychological science in the broadest sense.
Bibliography:
- Baksansky O.E., Kucher E.N. The cognitive image of the world: scientific monograph / O.E. Baksansky, E.N. Coachman. M .: "Canon +" ROOI "Rehabilitation", 2010. - 224 p.
- Leontiev A.N. Selected psychological works: in 2 volumes. T. 2 - M. Pedagogy, 1983.320 p.
- Leontiev A.N. Image of the world // World of psychology. 2003. No. 4. S. 11-18.
Although the concepts of "image of the world" and "picture of the world" are used in the works of psychologists, teachers, philosophers, the content of these categories is not divorced in most psychological studies. As a rule, the “image of the world” is defined as “a picture of the world” (Abramenkova V.V., 1999; Kulikovskaya I.E., 2002), “a picture of the world order” (Aksenova Yu.A., 1997), a cognitive scheme (Pishchalnikova V.A .; 1998; Zinchenko V.P., 2003), the prognostic model (Smirnov S.D., 1985), "objective reality" (Karaulov Yu.N., 1996), etc.
In the context of our work, we will rely on the concept of "image of the world".
One of the very first definitions of the concept of "image of the world" can be found in geographical research. The “image of the world” was defined here as a holistic understanding of the world by man: “The idea of the Universe and the place of the Earth in it, of its structure, of natural phenomena is an inseparable part of the understanding of the world as a whole in all cultures, from primitive to modern times” (Melnikova E. A., 1998, p. 3).
Let's consider the features of the concept of "image of the world" in psychological research.
According to A.N. Leont'ev, the concept of "image of the world" is associated with perception "The psychology of an image (perception) is a specific scientific knowledge of how, in the process of their activities, individuals build an image of the world - the world in which they live, act, which they themselves alter and partially create ; this knowledge is also about how the image of the world functions, mediating their activity in the objectively real world ”(Leontiev AN, 1983, p. 254).
From the point of view of many domestic researchers (Leontiev A.N., 1983; Smirnov S.D., 1985) and others, the "image of the world" has a sensory basis. For example, from the point of view of A.N. Leont'ev's image itself is sensual, objective: “every thing is primarily placed objectively in the objective relationships of the objective world; for the second time it posits itself also in subjectivity, human sensibility, and in human consciousness ”(Leont'ev AN, 1983, p. 252).
Many studies point to the social nature of the "image of the world", its reflective nature. For example, S.D. Smirnov connects the emergence of the “image of the world” with activity and communication “The first aspect of the active social nature of the image of the world is its genetic aspect - the emergence and development of the image of the world in the course of mastering and developing activity and communication. The second aspect is that the very image of the world (at least at its nuclear levels) includes a reflection of the activity that allows you to highlight the properties of objects that are not detected by them when interacting with the senses ”(Smirnov S.D., 1985, p. 149) .. The object meaning and emotional-personal meaning of the image is given by the context of the activity, “an actualized (in accordance with the tasks of the activity) part of the image of the world” (Smirnov SD, 1985, p. 143). The content of the "image of the world" is associated with the activity of the person himself. Activity allows a person to build an “image of the world” as a “prognostic model, or rather, an image of the world, continuously generating cognitive hypotheses at all levels of reflection, including in the language of“ sensory modalities ”(ibid., P. 168). Hypotheses are the material from which the "image of the world" is built. An important characteristic of the "image of the world" is its activity and social nature (Smirnov SD, 1985).
The "image of the world" has a holistic nature. From the point of view of S.D. Smirnov's "image of the world" reflects reality (ibid.). Thus, the “image of the world” from the point of view of S.D. Smirnov has a reflective character, in this context, consideration of the problem of the development of the "image of the world" is associated with the incoming information.
I.A. Nikolaeva, considering the problem of the "image of the world", highlights the concept of "social world" (Nikolaeva I.A., 2004, p. 9). Referring to V.A. Petrovsky, under the "social world" the researcher understands the "world of people, the world of relations" I - others "experienced by a person interpersonal relationships carrying all levels social relations person. Interpersonal in our context is also recognized as those relationships with others that are carried out in the inner world of a person with a “personalized other”. The image of the “social world” is the “summit” structure of the image of the world, characterized by the following properties: universality of formal characteristics; representation at different levels of consciousness; integrity; the amodality of nuclear structures, their semantic nature; predictiveness - relative independence from the perceived objective and social situation "" The image of the social world includes two levels: "perceived, sensually formed, and deep, rejected from sensuality, sign, semantic level - a reflection of the world as a whole" (Nikolaeva I.A., 2004 , p. 9) ..
The "image of the world" includes not only the "social world". According to A. Obukhov, it contains “a basic, invariant part, common to all of its carriers, and a variable, reflecting a unique life experience subject "(Obukhov A., 2003). The system of ideas about the world includes "a person's worldview in the context of the realities of being" (ibid.).
From the point of view of V.P. Zinchenko, “the image of the world” is “mediated by objective meanings, the corresponding cognitive schemes and amenable to conscious reflection, the reflection of the objective world in the human psyche” (Pishchalnikova V.A., 1998; Zinchenko V.P., 2003). In the context of the subject-activity approach, the “image of the world” is understood as a reflection of the real world in which a person lives and acts, while simultaneously being a part of this world. Reality, therefore, is perceived by a person only through the "image of the world", in constant dialogue with him.
According to A.K. Osnitsky, the objective world is "the world objectified by all predecessors, human brothers in culture" (Osnitsky A.K., 2011, p. 251). According to the scientist, the perception of the world should be a discovery for a person. In this, “representatives in human consciousness” play an important role: “acceptable and preferable goals, mastered skills of self-regulation, images of controlling influences, habitual assessments of the experience of successful and erroneous actions” (Osnitsky A.K., 2011, p. 254). In his mind, a person “operates with a socially given system of values, which for the subject of activity in his own regulatory experience act as“ values ”(Osnitsky A.K., 2011, p. 255).
In many studies, the concept of "image of the world" is correlated with the "picture of the world" (Leontiev A.N., 1983), (Artemyeva Yu.A., 1999), (Aksenova Yu.A., 1997), etc.
From the point of view of V.V. Morkovkin, the picture of the world exists only in the “imagination of a person, which in many respects forms it independently, that is, creates his own idea of reality "(VV Morkovkin, cited from the book. GV Razumova, 1996, p. 96).
According to Yu.N. Karaulov, the picture of the world is "an objective reality, subjectively reflected in the consciousness of an individual, as a system of knowledge about nature, society and man" (Yu.N. Karaulov, cited from the book by G.V. Razumova, 1996, p. 59 ).
G.V. Under the picture of the world, Razumova understands, reflected in the consciousness of a person, "the secondary existence of the objective world, fixed and materialized in a peculiar material form - language" (Razumova G.V., 1996, p. 12).
According to V.A. Maslova, the concept of a picture of the world (linguistic) “is based on the study of a person's ideas about the world. If the world is a person and the environment in their interaction, then the picture of the world is the result of processing information about the environment and the person. " According to the researcher, the picture of the world, namely the linguistic one, is a way of conceptualizing the world. has its own way of conceptualizing it "(Maslova V.A., 2001, p. 64) .. The picture of the world" forms the type of man's relationship to the world (nature, animals, himself as an element of the world) ", while the language" reflects a certain way perception and organization (“conceptualization”) of the world ”(Maslova V.A., 2001, p. 65).
From the point of view of A.N. Leont'ev's "picture of the world" is compared with the "fifth quasi-dimension" "In a person, the world acquires the fifth quasi-dimension in the image. It is by no means subjectively attributed to the world! This is a transition through sensuality beyond the boundaries of sensuality, through sensory modalities to the amodal world. The objective world appears in the meaning, i.e. the picture of the world is filled with meanings "(Leontiev AN, 1983, p. 260) .. Picture of the world in the studies of E.Yu. Artemyeva is presented as a transitional layer of "subjective experience", divided according to the form of a trace of activity. E.Yu. Artemieva calls this layer semantic “Traces of interaction with objects are fixed in the form of multidimensional relations: traces are attributed by a subjective attitude (good-bad, strong-weak, etc.). Such relations are close to semantic systems of "meanings". Traces of activity, recorded in the form of relationships, are the result of all three stages of the genesis of the trace: sensory-perceptual, representational, mental "(Artemyeva E.Yu., 1999, p. 21) ..
In his studies, Yu.A. Aksenova singles out the “picture of the world order” as a component of the “image of the world”, which is understood as a system of “ideas about the constituent parts, organization and functioning of the surrounding world, about their role and place in it” (Aksyonova Yu.A., 2000, p. nineteen). The content of the picture of the world order is compared here with the images of the world order. The picture of the world order of each person consists of integrated, single components: "special", i.e. shared by a certain social or gender and age group of people, and "universal", i.e. that exist in a person as a whole are universal ”(Aksyonova Yu.A., 1997, p. 19). The picture of the world consists of elements of inanimate and living nature, the human world "(the man-made world: buildings, roads, technology, transport, household items, culture, games)", "the supernatural world (good, evil)", "abstract figures (points, straight lines, etc.) ”(ibid., pp. 73-76).
I.E. Kulikovskaya in the structure of the picture of the world distinguishes the following types: "mythopoetic, philosophical, religious, scientific" high levels contain more and more abstract verbal judgments about social relations, their own "I" and the world of Culture. " The picture of the world includes various types “(mythoepic, philosophical, religious, scientific)” (Kulikovskaya I.E., 2002, p. 8) ..
According to I.E. Kulikovskaya, the picture of the world is formed in the mind of a person as a result of the worldview (Kulikovskaya I.E., 2002). The worldview includes worldview, worldview, worldview and world transformation. The understanding of the world shows the attitude of a person to the outside world. Understanding the world is associated with comprehension, the search for "the meaning, causes and effects of phenomena, their explanation with the spiritual experience of society, an individual." Through the interpretation of the world, a person explains the world, "makes it adequate to the inner world of the individual and society, history." The perception of the world is associated with the sensory and emotional experience of “a person of his being in the world” (Kulikovskaya I.E., 2002, p. 9). The development of the "picture of the world" occurs in the process of education and upbringing, correlating oneself with society and its culture. Correlation with the world allows "the child to realize and feel like a part of this world, deeply connected with it." In this case, culture is “a form of social heredity, like a certain order of things and events that“ flows ”through time from one era to another, allowing the world to be transformed on the basis of values” (ibid., P. 4). In this approach, the construction of a picture of the world is the result of correlating oneself with social values. Consideration of these concepts only in the described context does not provide an opportunity for the understanding of the "image of the world" and "picture of the world" to enter the space of spirit and culture.
In these approaches, the “image of the world” develops as a result of the “assimilation” of certain knowledge by a person. For example, from the point of view of A.N. Leont'ev's construction of the "image of the world" is associated with the active "scooping" of it from the surrounding reality "We are really building, but not the World, but the Image, actively" scooping it up, as I usually say from objective reality. The process of perception is the process, the means of this "scooping", and the main thing is not how, with the help of what means this process proceeds, but what is obtained as a result of this process. I answer: the image of the objective world, objective reality. The image is more adequate or less adequate, more complete or less complete, sometimes even false ... "(Leontyev A.N., 1983, p. 255) ..
In his studies, E.Yu. Artemieva connects the acceptance of the world by a person with the experience of experienced activities "... the world is accepted by the subject as biasedly structured and the characteristics of this structuration are significantly associated with the experience of experienced activities" (Artemieva E.Yu., 1999, p. 11) .. E.Yu. Artemieva connects subjective experience with the appearance of traces of activity. Activity traces form systems that stably structure external phenomena. By their nature, these systems are close to semantic formations “The system of meanings is understood“ as traces of activities recorded in relation to their objects ”(Artemieva E.Yu., 1999, p. 13) .. E.Yu. Artemieva identifies models of subjective experience, which consist in the construction of constructs that describe the generation of transformation and actualization of traces of activity.
The researcher identified three layers of subjective experience, differing in the form of the activity trace: the surface layer “corresponds to the first and second stages of genesis - the sensory-perceptual and representational level of reflection” (Artemieva E.Yu., 1999, p. 21)., Semantic “traces of interaction are fixed in the form of multidimensional relations: traces are attributed by a subjective attitude (good - bad, strong - weak, etc.) "..." This layer is called a picture of the world "(Artemyeva E.Yu., 1999, p. 21)., a layer of amodal structures "The deepest layer correlated with the nuclear structures of the image of the world and formed with the participation and the most significant contribution of conceptual thinking" (E.Yu. Artemieva, 1999, p. 21) ..
The "image of the world" is the deepest structure, this structure is "extra-modal and relatively static, because is rebuilt only as a result of implementation (an act of current activity), shifting meanings after reaching or not achieving the goal, if the goal is recognized by the filtering systems as significant enough ”(Artemieva E.Yu., 1999, p. 21).
From the point of view of E.Yu. Artemyeva, the relations of the “image of the world” and the “picture of the world” represent the relationship of “homorphism” “the image of the world controls, reflecting a part of its (presented in its language) relations, and the picture of the world“ transfers ”to it the relations to objects associated with the subject of current activity "(Artemyeva E.Yu., 1999, p. 21) .. Thus, from the point of view of this approach, the dynamics of the relationship between the" image of the world "and the" picture of the world "is ultimately determined by current activity. The "image of the world" acts as a semantic formation that governs the picture of the world. E.Yu. Artemyeva points out the importance of the appearance of one's own meaning: “An additional link is needed to process the system's trace, which turns our“ meaning ”into“ personal meaning ”(Artemyeva E.Yu., 1999, p. 29). Nevertheless, the author considers the generation of “personal meaning” as a result of the influence of “traces of activity” (ibid., P. 30).
Thus, the above approaches considered by us represent the "image of the world" as a system of reflection of social relations, the culture of society, and a system of values. The “image of the world” is viewed as a deep structure that includes a system of ideas about the world (nature, phenomena of reality), etc., a system of meanings about the world. This system of ideas can be different depending on the peculiarities of gender and age characteristics, experience of a person's activity in society, and his cognitive activity.
In our opinion, the described relations of the “image of the world” and “picture of the world” represent mutual subordination, reflection, “homorphism”. This is a finite relationship, since there is no way to enter the socio-cultural space. Here, the study of these concepts is carried out mainly from a cognitive point of view.
V.V. Abramenkova considers the problem of the picture of the world not only in the space of social relations: "The picture of the world is a syncretic object-sensory formation, which acts not as a passively reflective, but as an actively constructive beginning - building the space of one's own relations with the outside world as certain expectations and requirements for it" (Abramenkova V.V., 1999, p. 48). The construction of a picture of the world presupposes “the creation of a space of relationships by the child in an ideal plan, it presupposes the active involvement of the child in the reconstruction of connections with the surrounding reality as the construction of integral and harmonious (humane) relations” (Abramenkova V.V., 1999, p. 52).
V.V. Abramenkova points out that the mechanism of “the formation of a child's relationship to the world, people and himself is the mechanism of identification (uniting oneself with other individuals - emotional connection - inclusion in one's own inner world- acceptance of a given individual or group as their own norms, values, samples) ”(ibid., p. 53). According to the researcher, the identification mechanism “does not mean immersion either in one's own I, or in the I of another person, but going beyond the field of communication and interaction with him. And then we find ourselves already in three-dimensional space, where alienation turns into the subject's ability to stand above the situation, and not be inside it ”(Abramenkova V.V., 1999, p. 57).
Based on this concept, we can conclude that the picture of the world is an actively constructive beginning of building the space of one's own relations, in which the ability to go beyond one's own "I" and the "I" of another person arises. What is the landmark of this exit?
This going beyond oneself occurs when a person discovers the spiritual (sociocultural) world.
“Sociocultural world” is presented by us as a value-semantic space, which includes “sociocultural samples” (Bolshunova N.Ya., 1999, p. 12). (We considered this concept in Section 1.1.).
The mystery of the discovery of the spiritual (sociocultural) world is described by religiously oriented philosophers and writers as “revelation” (Zenkovsky V.V., 1992), as the highest grace (Florenskaya T.A., 2001), etc. The hero Elder Zosima speaks about the mystery of intimate communication with the spiritual world in his teachings (from the work of F.M.Dostoevsky: The Brothers Karamazov) “Much on earth is hidden from us, but in return we have been given a secret secret feeling of a living connection with the world higher and higher, and the roots of our thoughts and feelings are not here, but in other worlds. That is why philosophers say that the essence of things cannot be comprehended on earth. God took seeds from other worlds and sowed them on the earth and grew His garden and everything that could sprout sprouted, but the grown-up lives and is alive only by the feeling of touching its mysterious worlds to others, if this feeling weakens or is destroyed in you, then the grown-up dies and you. Then you will become indifferent to life and you will hate it ”(Quoted from the book by OS Soinoy, 2005, p. 14) ..
The discovery of the sociocultural world is compared by Yu.M. Lotman with the discovery of “transcendental reality” (Lotman Yu.M., 1992, p. 9). In apophatic knowledge of God, the relationship between man and the World is presented as enlightenment. “The most divine cognition of God is cognition by ignorance, when the mind, gradually renouncing everything that exists, eventually leaves itself and unites with super-meaningful unity with the luminous radiance, and then, in incomprehensible to the abyss of Wisdom, he attains enlightenment "(Quoted from books by OS Soinoy, V.Sh. Sabirova, 2005, p. 40) ..
The sociocultural world acts as an invisible semantic context of human life. Sociocultural “meanings” are discovered by a person intuitively, as “a certain“ voice ”” (Bolshunova N.Ya., 2005, p. 71), “voice” of the third (Bakhtin M.M., 2002, p. 336), set the situation “ future semantic event "(Lotman Yu.M., 1992, p. 28).
A person's movement towards socio-cultural values contributes to the awareness of "personal destiny as a projection of the World" (Bolshunova N.Ya., 2005, p. 42). At the moment of dialogue with the World, a person opens up “infinity” (Nepomnyashchaya NI, 2001, p. 51) of relations with the world, which allows a person to go beyond the limits of “familiar knowledge about the world and about himself” (Nepomnyashchaya NI, 2001, p. 131). From the point of view of N.I. Nepomniachtchi, the infinity (infinity) of a person in the world allows “in the process of appropriation, and in the process of functioning, to go beyond the known, learned, including beyond himself, to create something new, to create” (Nepomnyashchaya NI, 2001, p. . 21).
The discovery of the sociocultural world, from the point of view of N.Ya. Bolshunova, is a special "event" in which the experience of "ontologization of values as measures" occurs (Bolshunova N.Ya., 2005, pp. 41-42).
Based on our theoretical review of the problem associated with understanding the "image of the world", we summarized the following conclusions:
1) by “image of the world” we mean an integral system of human ideas about the world, other people, about himself and his activity in the world, accompanied by experience, ie. these are experienced representations;
2) the "image of the world" is dialogical, has a complex structure, which includes the following components:
- "socio-cultural world", includes socio-cultural samples of values as measures presented in culture;
- "social world" includes those norms and requirements that exist in society;
- "objective world" (material, physical) - includes ideas about objects and phenomena of the natural and man-made material world, including natural - scientific ideas about the laws of its existence;
3) in the process of a genuine dialogue - a dialogue of "harmony" with the World, a person is able to go beyond the boundaries of the usual ideas about the world and about himself.
As you know, psychology and psychophysiology of perception are characterized, perhaps, the largest number research and publications, an immense amount of accumulated facts. Research is conducted at various levels: morphophysiological, psychophysical, psychological, theoretical-cognitive, cellular, phenomenological (“phenographic” - K. Holzkamp) 2, at the level of micro- and macroanalysis. Phylogenesis, ontogeny of perception, its functional development and the processes of its restoration are studied. A wide variety of specific methods, procedures, indicators are used. Various approaches and interpretations have become widespread: physicalistic, cybernetic, logical-mathematical, "model". Many phenomena have been described, including completely amazing ones that remain unexplained.
But what is significant, according to the most authoritative researchers, now there is no convincing theory of perception that can capture the accumulated knowledge, outline a conceptual system that meets the requirements of dialectical materialist methodology.
In the psychology of perception, in essence, physiological idealism, parallelism and epiphenomenalism, subjective sensationalism, and vulgar mechanism are preserved in an implicit form. The influence of neopositivism is not weakening, but increasing. Reductionism is especially dangerous for psychology, destructive the very subject of psychological science. As a result, open eclecticism prevails in works that claim to cover a wide range of problems. The pitiful state of the theory of perception with the wealth of accumulated concrete knowledge is evidenced by
1 Leontiev AM. Selected psychological works: In 2 volumes. M .: Pedagogy,
1983. T. I. S. 251-261.
2 Cf. Holzkamp K. Sinnliehe Erkenntnis: Historischen Upsprung und gesellschaftliche
Function der Wahrnehmung. Frankfurt / Main, 1963.
Leontiev A, N. Image of the world
That there is now an urgent need to revise the fundamental direction in which research is moving.
Of course, all Soviet authors proceed from the fundamental provisions of Marxism, such as the recognition of the primacy of matter and the secondary nature of spirit, consciousness, psyche; from the position that sensations and perceptions are a reflection of objective reality, a function of the brain. But we are talking about something else: about the embodiment of these provisions in their concrete content, in the practice of research psychological work; about their creative development in the very, figuratively speaking, the flesh of research of perception. And this requires a radical transformation of the very formulation of the problem of the psychology of perception and the rejection of a number of imaginary postulates, which, by inertia, remain in it. The possibility of such a transformation of the problem of perception in psychology will be discussed.
General position which I will try to defend today is that the problem of perception must be posed and worked out how the problem of the psychology of the image of the world.(I will note, by the way, that the theory of reflection in German is Bildtheorie, that is, the theory of the image.) Marxism poses the question in this way: “... sensation, perception, representation and, in general, human consciousness,” Lenin wrote, “is taken as an objective image reality "1.
Lenin also formulated an extremely important idea about the principled path along which a materialist analysis of the problem should consistently follow. This is the path from the external objective world to sensation, perception, image. The opposite path, Lenin emphasizes, is the path that inevitably leads to idealism.
This means that every thing is primarily put objectively - in the objective connections of the objective world; that it - for the second time - posits itself also in subjectivity, human sensibility, and in human consciousness (in its ideal forms). It is necessary to proceed from this in the psychological study of the image, the processes of its generation and functioning.
Animals, humans live in the objective world, which from the very beginning acts as a four-dimensional: three-dimensional space and time (movement), which is “objectively real forms of being” 3.
This proposition should by no means remain for psychology only a general philosophical premise, allegedly not directly affecting the specific psychological study of perception, understanding of its mechanism.
1 Lenin V.I. Floors, collection op. T. 18.P. 282-283
2 See ibid. P. 52.
3 Ibid. P. 181.
532 Topic
Nizmov. On the contrary, it makes a lot of things to be seen differently, not the way it developed within the framework of bourgeois psychology. This also applies to understanding the development of the sense organs in the course of biological evolution.
From the above Marxist position it follows that the life of animals from the very beginning proceeds in the four-dimensional objective world, that the adaptation of animals occurs as an adaptation to the connections that fill the world of things, their changes in time, their movement; that, accordingly, the evolution of the sense organs reflects the development of adaptation to the four-dimensionality of the world, i.e. provides orientation in the world as it is, and not in its individual elements.
I say this to the fact that only with this approach can many facts be comprehended that elude zoopsychology, because they do not fit into the traditional, essentially atomic, schemes. Such facts include, for example, the paradoxically early appearance in the evolution of animals of the perception of space and the estimation of distances. The same applies to the perception of movements, changes in time - the perception, so to speak, of continuity through discontinuity. But, of course, I will not touch on these issues in more detail. This is a special, highly specialized conversation.
Turning to a person, to the consciousness of a person, I must introduce one more concept - the concept of the fifth quasi-dimension, in which the objective world is revealed to man. This - semantic field, system of meanings.
The introduction of this concept requires a more detailed explanation.
The fact is that when I perceive an object, I perceive it not only in its spatial dimensions and in time, but also in its meaning. When, for example, I glance at a wristwatch, then, strictly speaking, I do not have an image of the individual features of this object, their sum, their "associative set". This, incidentally, is the basis for the criticism of associative theories of perception. It is also not enough to say that I have first of all a picture of their form, as Gestalt psychologists insist on it. I do not perceive the form, but an item that has a watch.
Of course, in the presence of an appropriate perceptual task, I can distinguish and realize their form, their individual features - elements, their connections. Otherwise, although all this is included in texture image in his sensual fabric, but this texture can be rolled up, blurred, replaced without destroying, without distorting the objectivity of the image.
The thesis I have expressed is proved by many facts, both obtained in experiments and known from Everyday life... It is unnecessary for perceptual psychologists to list these facts. I will only note that they appear especially vividly in images-representations.
The traditional interpretation consists here in attributing to the very perception of such properties as meaningfulness or categoricality.
Leontiev A, N. Image of the world
As for the explanation of these properties of perception, then, as R. Gregory correctly says, 1 at best they remain within the boundaries of the theory of H. Helmholtz. I note right away that the deeply hidden danger here lies in the logical need to appeal ultimately to innate categories.
The general idea I advocate can be expressed in two positions. The first is that the properties of meaningfulness, categoricality are the characteristics of the conscious image of the world, not immanent to the image itself, his mind. They, these characteristics, express the objectivity revealed by the aggregate social practice, idealized in the system of meanings that each individual individual finds as out-of-his-existing- perceived, assimilated - and therefore the same as what is included in his image of the world.
I will express it differently: meanings do not appear as what lies in front of things, but as what lies behind the appearance of things- in the cognized objective connections of the objective world, in various systems in which they only exist, they only reveal their properties. Thus, meanings carry a special dimension. This dimension intrasystemic connections of the objective objective world. She is the fifth quasi-dimension of it!
Let's summarize.
The thesis I defend is that in psychology the problem of perception should be posed as the problem of building in the consciousness of an individual a multidimensional image of the world, an image of reality. That, in other words, the psychology of an image (perception) is a concrete scientific knowledge about how, in the process of their activity, individuals build an image of the world - the world in which they live, act, which they themselves alter and partially create; it is also knowledge about how the image of the world functions, mediating their activity in objectively real the world.
Here I must interrupt myself with some illustrative digressions. I recall the dispute between one of our philosophers and J. Piaget when he came to us.
You succeed, - said this philosopher, referring to Piaget, -
that the child, the subject in general, builds the world with the help of a system of operations. How
can you take this point of view? This is idealism.
I do not at all adhere to this point of view, - answered J. Piaget, - in
on this problem my views coincide with Marxism, and it is completely wrong
It’s right to consider me an idealist!
But how, then, do you claim that for a child the world is
the way its logic builds it?
Piaget never gave a clear answer to this question. The answer, however, exists and is very simple. We really build, but not the World, but the Image, actively "drawing out" it, as I usually say,
1 Cf. Gregory R. Intelligent eye. M., 1972.
534 Topic 7. Man as a subject of knowledge
From objective reality. The process of perception is the process, the means of this "scooping", and the main thing is not how, with the help of what means this process proceeds, but what is obtained as a result of this process. I answer: the image of the objective world, objective reality. The image is more adequate or less adequate, more complete or less complete ... sometimes even false ...
Let me make another digression of a completely different kind.
The fact is that the understanding of perception as a process through which the image of a multidimensional world is built, with every link, act, moment, every sensory mechanism, comes into conflict with the inevitable analyticism of scientific psychological and psychophysiological research, with the inevitable abstractions of a laboratory experiment.
We highlight and investigate the perception of distance, discrimination of shapes, constancy of color, apparent movement, etc. etc. By careful experiments and the most precise measurements, we seem to drill deep, but narrow wells that penetrate into the depths of perception. True, we do not often manage to lay "communication routes" between them, but we continue and continue this drilling of wells and scoop out a huge amount of information from them - useful, as well as of little use and even completely useless. As a result, whole waste heaps of incomprehensible facts have now formed in psychology, which mask the true scientific relief of the problems of perception.
It goes without saying that by this I do not at all deny the necessity and even the inevitability of analytical study, the isolation of certain particular processes and even individual perceptual phenomena in order to study them in vitro. You just can't do without it! My idea is completely different, namely that, isolating the studied process in the experiment, we are dealing with some abstraction, therefore, the problem of returning to the integral subject of study in its real nature, origin and specific functioning immediately arises.
In relation to the study of perception, this is a return to the construction of an image in the consciousness of an individual. external multidimensional world, the world as it is in which we live, in which we act, but in which our abstractions in themselves do not "inhabit", as does not exist ^ for example, in it such a thoroughly studied and thoroughly worn-out "phi-movement" "1.
Here I am again forced to retreat.
Many decades of research in the psychology of perception dealt primarily with the perception of two-dimensional objects - lines, geometric shapes, and generally images on a plane. On this basis, the main direction in the psychology of the image arose - Gestalt psychology.
1 Cf. Gregory R. Eye and brain. M., 1970.S. 124-125
Leontiev A.N. Image of the world
At first it was singled out as a special "quality of form" - Gestalt-qualitat; then in the integrity of the form they saw the key to solving the problem of the image. The law of "good shape", the law of pre-ness, the law of figure and background were formulated.
This psychological theory, generated by the study of flat images, itself turned out to be “flat”. In essence, it closed the possibility of the "real world - psychic gestalt" movement, as well as the "psychic gestalt - brain" movement. Substantial processes turned out to be replaced by the relations of projectivity, isomorphism. V.Kehler publishes the book "Physical Gestalts" 1 (it seems that K.Goldschtein wrote about them for the first time), and K.Koffka already explicitly declares that the solution to the contraverse of spirit and matter, psyche and brain consists in the fact that the third is primary. and this third is Gestalt - form. A far from the best solution is offered in the Leipzig version of Gestalt psychology: form is a subjective a priori category.
And how is the perception of three-dimensional things interpreted in Gestalt psychology? The answer is simple: it consists in transferring the laws of perception of projections on a plane to the perception of three-dimensional things. Thus, things of the three-dimensional world appear as closed planes. The main law of the field of perception is the law of "figure and background". But this is not at all the law of perception, but the phenomenon of perception of a two-dimensional figure against a two-dimensional background. It refers not to the perception of things of the three-dimensional world, but to some of their abstraction, which is their contour 2. In the real world, however, the definiteness of an integral thing appears through its connections with other things, and not through its "outlining 3.
In other words, with its abstractions, gestalt theory has replaced the concept of objective the world the notion fields.
It took years in psychology to experimentally separate and contrast them. It seems that this was first done best by J. Gibson, who found a way to see the surrounding objects, the environment as consisting of planes, but then this situation became ghostly, lost its reality for the observer. It was possible to subjectively create the "field", but it turned out to be inhabited by ghosts. This is how a very important distinction arose in the psychology of perception: the "visible field" and " the visible world" 4 .
In recent years, in particular in studies carried out at the Department of General Psychology, this distinction has received a fundamental theoretical
1 Kdhler W. Die physischen Gestalten in Ruhe und stationaren Zustand. Brounschweig, 1920.
2 Or, if you like, a plane.
3 Ie operations of selection and vision of the form.
4 Cf. Gibson J.J. The Perception of the Visual World. L .; N.Y., 1950.
536 Topic 7. Man as a subject of knowledge
Tic lighting, and the discrepancy between the projection picture and the object image is a fairly convincing experimental 1 substantiation 2.
I stopped at the Gestalt theory of perception, because in it the results of reducing the image of the objective world to individual phenomena, relations, characteristics, abstracted from the real process of its generation in human consciousness, a process taken in its entirety, are especially clearly reflected in it. It is necessary, therefore, to return to this process, the need for which lies in the life of a person, in the development of his activity in an objectively multidimensional world. The starting point for this must be the world itself, and not the subjective phenomena it causes.
Here I come to the most difficult, one might say, critical point of the train of thought I am testing.
I want to immediately express this point in the form of a categorical thesis, deliberately omitting all necessary reservations.
This thesis is that the world in its remoteness from the subject is amodal. We are talking, of course, about the meaning of the term "modality", which it has in psychophysics, psychophysiology and psychology, when, for example, we talk about the form of an object given in visual or tactile modality or in modalities together.
In putting forward this thesis, I proceed from a very simple and, in my opinion, completely justified distinction between properties of two kinds.
One is such properties of inanimate things that are found in interactions with things (with "other" things), i.e. in the interaction "object-object". Some properties are found in interaction with things of a special kind - with living sentient organisms, i.e. in the interaction "object-subject". They are found in specific effects depending on the properties of the recipient organs of the subject. In this sense, they are modal, i.e. subjective.
The smoothness of the surface of an object in the interaction "object-object" reveals itself, say, in physical phenomenon reduce friction. When touched by the hand - in a modal phenomenon of tactile sensation of smoothness. The same property of the surface appears in the visual modality.
So, the fact is that the same property - in this case physical property body - causes, acting on a person, perfect
1 It was also possible to find some objective indicators that dismember the visible field
and objects, a picture of an object. After all, the image of an object has such a characteristic,
as a measurable constancy, i.e. constant coefficient. But as soon as
the objective world slips away, transforming into a field, so the field reveals it
aconstance. This means that it is possible to dismember the objects of the field and the objects of the world by measuring.
2 Logvinenko AD., Table V.V. Investigation of Perception in Field Inversion Conditions
view // Ergonomics. VNIITE Proceedings. 1973. Issue. 6.
Leontiev A.I. Image of the world
Chenno's impressions are different in modality. After all, "shine" is not like "smoothness", and "dullness" is not like "roughness". Therefore, sensory modalities cannot be given a "permanent residence" in the external objective world. I emphasize external because a person, with all his sensations, himself also belongs to the objective world, there is also a thing among things.
Engels has one remarkable thought that the properties that we learn about through sight, hearing, smell, etc., are not completely different; that our self absorbs various sensory impressions, combining them into a whole as "Joint"(Engels's italics!) properties. “It is the task of science to explain these different properties accessible only to different senses ...” 1.
120 years have passed. And finally, in the 60s, if I am not mistaken, the idea of merging in a person these "joint", as Engels called them, splitting senses properties has become an experimentally established fact.
I mean the study by I. Rock 2.
In his experiments, subjects were shown a square of hard plastic through a reducing lens. “The subject took the square with his fingers from below, through a piece of cloth, so that he could not see his hand, otherwise he could understand that he was looking through a reducing lens ... We ... asked him to give his impression of the size of the square ... We asked the subjects to draw as accurately as possible a square of the corresponding size, which requires the participation of both sight and touch. Others had to choose a square of equal size from a series of squares presented only visually, and still others from a series of squares, the size of which could only be determined by touch ...
The subjects had a certain holistic impression about the size of the square ... The perceived size of the square ... was about the same as in the control experiment with only visual perception. "
So, the objective world, taken as a system of only “object-object” relationships (ie the world without animals, before animals and humans), is amodal. Only with the emergence of subject-object connections, interactions arise many different and, moreover, changing from type to type 3 modalities.
This is why, as soon as we are distracted from subject-object interactions, sensory modalities drop out of our descriptions of reality.
1 Marx K., Engels F. Op. T. 20.P. 548.
2 Cf. Rock I., Harris C. Sight and touch // Perception. Mechanisms and models. M.,
1974.S. 276-279.
3 I mean the zoological species.
538 Topic 7. Man as a subject of knowledge
From the duality of connections, interactions "0-0" and "OS", subject to their coexistence, and the well-known duality of characteristics occurs: for example, such and such a section of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves and, say, red light. At the same time, one should not only lose sight of the fact that one and the other characteristic expresses the "physical relationship between physical things" 1.
A further naturally arising question is the question of the nature, origin of sensory modalities, their evolution, development, the necessity, non-randomness of their changing “sets” and different, in Engels’s term, “compatibility” of the properties reflected in them. This is an unexplored (or almost unexplored) problem of science. What is the key approach (position) for an adequate solution to this problem? Here I must repeat my main idea: in psychology, it should be solved as a problem of the phylogenetic development of the image of the world, since:
(1) an "indicative basis" of behavior is needed, and this is an image,
(2) this or that lifestyle creates the need for an appropriate
his orienting, managing, mediating image into an object
nome world.
Briefly speaking. It is necessary to proceed not from comparative anatomy and physiology, but from ecology in its relation to the morphology of the sense organs, etc. Engels writes: "What is light and what is non-light depends on whether it is a night animal or daytime" 2.
The question of "combinations" is especially important,
1. Combination (modalities) becomes, but in relation to
feelings, image; she is his condition 3. (As an object - a "node of properties",
so the image is a "knot of modal sensations.")
2. Alignment expresses spatiality things as odds
mu of their existence).
3. But it also expresses their existence in time, therefore the image
in principle, there is a product not only simultaneous, but also successively
1 Marx K., Engels F. Op. T. 23.S. 62.
2 Marx K., Engels F. Op. T.20. S. 603.
3 B.M. Velichkovsky drew my attention to one study related to the early
infant age: Aronson£., Rosenbloom S. Space perception in early infancy:
perception within a common auditory visual space // Science. 1972. V. 172. P. 1161-1163.
In one experiment, the reaction of a newborn to bending and
talking mother. The fact is that if the sound comes from one side and the mother's face
is on the other, then there is no reaction. Similar data, both psychological and
biological, allow us to talk about perception as a process of formation of an image. We are not
we can start with the elements of perception, because the formation of an image presupposes
compatibility. One property cannot characterize an object. The subject is a "node
properties ". A picture, an image of the world arises when properties are "tied in a knot", from this
development begins. The compatibility relation arises first, and then the splitting relationship
joint with other properties.
Leontiev A.N. Image of the world
th alignment, merging 1. The most characteristic phenomenon of the alignment of viewpoints is children's drawings!
General conclusion: any actual impact fits into the image of the world, i.e. into some "whole" 2.
When I say that everything that is actual, i.e. now, the property affecting perceptual systems "fits" into the image of the world, then this is not an empty, but a very meaningful position; it means that:
(1) the boundary of an object is established on the object, i.e. branch
it does not occur at the sensory, but at the intersections of the visual axes.
Therefore, when using the probe, the sensor is shifted 3. This
means that does not exist objectification of sensations, perception For the Cree
tic of "objectification", i.e. referring secondary signs to real
the world, there is a criticism of subjective-idealistic concepts. Otherwise
speaking, I stand on what not perception posits itself in the object, but
thing- through activities- posits himself in the image. Perception
and there is his "subjective belief"... (Positioning for the subject!);
(2) fitting into the image of the world also expresses the fact that the object is not
consists of "sides"; he acts for us as one continuous;
discontinuity is only its moment *. The phenomenon of the "core" of the object appears
that. This phenomenon expresses objectivity perception. Reconstruction processes
acceptance obeys this core. Psychological evidence: a) c
brilliant observation of G. Helmholtz: “not everything that is given in the sensation,
enters into the "image of representation" "(tantamount to the fall of the subjective
idealism in the style of Johannes Müller); b) in the phenomenon of increments to pseudo-
scopic image (I see the edges going from the suspended in space
plane) and in experiments with inversion, with adaptation to the optical
to the woman's world.
So far, I have touched on the characteristics of the image of the world that are common to animals and humans. But the process of generating a picture of the world, like the picture of the world itself, its characteristics change qualitatively when we move on to a person.
1 None of us, getting up from the desk, will move the chair so that it
hit a bookcase if he knows the display is behind this chair. Peace
behind me is present in the picture of the world, but absent in the actual visual world.
The fact that we do not have panoramic vision, the panoramic picture of the world does not disappear, it
just acts differently.
2 Cf. Uexkull V., Kriszat G. Streifziige durch die Umwelten von Tieren und Menschen.
Berlin, 1934.
3 When the probe touches an object, the sensor moves from the hand to
tip of the probe. Sensitivity there ... I can stop probing this object with the probe
Move your hand slightly over the probe. And then the feeling returns to the fingers, and
the tip of the probe loses its sensitivity.
4 "Tunnel effect": when something interrupts its movement and, as a result of its
impact, it does not interrupt its existence for me.
540 Topic 7. Man as a subject of knowledge
In man the world acquires in the image the fifth quasi-dimension. It is by no means subjectively attributed to the world! This is the transition through sensibility beyond sensibility, through sensory modalities to the amodal world. The objective world appears in the meaning, i.e. the picture of the world is filled with meanings.
The deepening of cognition requires the removal of modalities and consists in such removal, therefore science does not speak the language of modalities, this language is banished in it. The picture of the world includes the invisible properties of objects: a) amo-distant- discovered by industry, experiment, thinking; b) Supersensible- functional properties, qualities, such as "cost", which are not contained in the substrate of the object. It is they who are represented in meanings!
It is especially important to emphasize here that the nature of the meaning is not only not in the body of the sign, but also not in formal sign operations, not in the operations of meaning. She - in the totality of human practice, which in its idealized forms is included in the picture of the world.
Otherwise, it can be said this way: knowledge, thinking are not separated from the process of forming the sensory image of the world, but are included in it, adding to sensuality. [Knowledge enters, science does not!]
Some general conclusions.
1. The formation of the image of the world in a person is his transition beyond
"Directly sensual pictures." An image is not a picture!
2. Sensuality, sensual modalities are increasingly "indifferent
are ". The image of the world of the deaf-blind is no other than the image of the world of the sighted-hearing
go at but created from another building material, from the material of other mo
ranges, woven from another sensual fabric. Therefore, it retains
its simultaneity, and this is a problem for research!
3. "Depersonalization" of modality is not at all the same as
impersonality of the sign in relation to the meaning.
Sensory modalities by no means encode reality. They carry it within themselves 1. That is why the disintegration of sensuality (its perversion) gives rise to the psychological unreality of the world, the phenomenon of its “disappearance”. This is known and proven.
4. Sensual modalities form an obligatory texture of the image.
for the world. But the texture of the image is not equal to the image itself! So lively
the object shines through behind the smears of oil. When I look at the pictured
the subject - I do not see strokes, and vice versa! Texture, material is removed
way, rather than being destroyed in it.
1 I always read with chagrin on the pages of modern psychological literature such statements as “coding in such and such sensations”. What does it mean? Conditionally passed? No relationship. It is established by us. No coding required! The concept is not good!
Leontiev A.N. Image of the world
The image, the picture of the world, includes not the image, but the depicted one (image, reflection opens only reflection, and this is important!).
So, the inclusion of living organisms, the system of processes of their organs, their brain in the objective, subject-discrete world leads to the fact that the system of these processes is endowed with a content that is different from their own content, a content that belongs to the objective world itself.
The problem of such "endowment" gives rise to the subject of psychological science!