One of the most important concepts in ecology is habitat. The environment is a set of factors and elements that affect the organism in its habitat.
Any Living being lives in a complex, constantly changing world, constantly adapting to it and regulating its life activities in accordance with its changes. Living organisms exist as open, mobile systems, stable under the influx of energy and information from the environment. On our planet, living organisms have mastered four main habitats, each of which is distinguished by a set of specific factors and elements that affect the body.
Life arose and spread in aquatic environment. Subsequently, with the advent of photosynthesis, and therefore free oxygen, first in water and then in the atmosphere, living organisms “came” to land, took possession of the air, and populated the soil. With the advent of the biosphere as part of the Earth’s shell inhabited by living organisms, it became another environment with a certain combination of specific biotic factors affecting the organism. The natural environment provides humans with living conditions and resources for life. Development economic activity human improvement improves the living conditions of people, but requires an increase in the consumption of natural, energy and material resources. During industrial and agricultural production, waste is generated, which, together with the production processes themselves, affects noobiogeocenoses and leads to disturbances and pollution that increasingly worsen human living conditions. Biological factors, or driving forces evolution are common to all living nature, including humans. These include hereditary variability and natural selection. The role of biological factors in human evolution was revealed by Charles Darwin. These factors played a big role in human evolution, especially in the early stages of its formation. A person experiences hereditary changes that determine, for example, hair and eye color, height, and resistance to environmental factors. In the early stages of evolution, when man was heavily dependent on nature, individuals with hereditary changes that were useful in given environmental conditions (for example, individuals distinguished by endurance, physical strength, dexterity, and intelligence) predominantly survived and left offspring. Adaptation of organisms to environmental factors. environment is called adaptation. The ability to adapt is one of the the most important properties alive. Only adapted organisms survive, acquiring in the process of evolution traits useful for life. These characteristics are fixed over generations due to the ability of organisms to reproduce. Adaptation to environmental factors manifests itself at different levels: cellular, tissue, organ, organismal, population, population-species, biocenotic and global, i.e. at the level of the biosphere as a whole. Elements of the environment that affect living organisms are called environmental factors. To study the environment (habitat and human production activities), it is advisable to highlight the following main components: the air environment; aquatic environment (hydrosphere); fauna (humans, domestic and wild animals, including fish and birds); flora (cultivated and wild plants, including those growing in water); soil (vegetative layer); subsoil (upper part earth's crust,V within which mineral extraction is possible); climatic and acoustic environment. The most vulnerable components, without which human existence is impossible and to which the greatest damage is caused by human activities associated with the development of industry and urbanization, are the air and the hydrosphere. Their pollution also causes significant harm to nature (the totality of natural conditions for the existence of human society). The entirety of the interaction and interdependence of living organisms and elements inanimate nature in the field of distribution of life is reflected by the concept of biogeocenosis. Biogeocenosis is a dynamic, stable community of plants, animals and microorganisms that are in constant interaction and direct contact with the components of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Biogeocenosis consists of biotic (biocenosis) and abiotic (ecotope) parts, which are connected by continuous metabolism and represent energetically and materially open system. The biogeocenosis receives solar energy, soil minerals, atmospheric gases, and water. Biogeocenosis produces heat, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients carried by water, and humus. The main functions of biogeocenosis are the one-way directional flow of energy and circulation of substances. In the structure of any biogeocenosis, the following mandatory components are distinguished:
abiotic inorganic substances environment;
autotrophic organisms - producers of biotic organic substances;
heterotrophic organisms - consumers (consumers) of ready-made organic substances of the first (herbivorous animals) and subsequent (carnivorous animals) orders;
detritivorous organisms are destroyers (destructors) that decompose organic matter. The listed components of biogeocenosis underlie food (trophic) connections, which are initially based on the presence of two types of nutrition in the biosphere - autotrophic and heterotrophic. Autotrophs attract those necessary for life chemical substances from the environment and using solar energy transform them into organic matter. Heterotrophs - decompose organic matter to carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts and return them to the environment. This ensures the circulation of substances, which arose in the process of evolution as necessary condition existence of life. In this case, the light energy of the sun is transformed by living organisms into other forms of energy - chemical, mechanical, thermal.
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Human in the surrounding environment factors, with friend General characteristic environment a habitat of people. Biological factors. -
General characteristic environment a habitat of people. Biological factors.
Ecology is a science that studies the patterns of interaction between organisms and environment their a habitat, laws of development and existence of biogeocenoses, as complexes of interacting living and nonliving... -
General characteristic environment a habitat of people. Biological factors. One of the most important concepts ecology is Wednesday a habitat. Wednesday- is a collection factors and ele... more ». -
General characteristic environment a habitat of people. Biological factors.
Human in the surrounding environment, on the one hand, is an object of interaction between environmental factors, on the other hand, it itself has an impact on Wednesday. -
General characteristic environment a habitat of people. Biological factors. One of the most important concepts ecology is Wednesday a habitat. Wednesday- is a collection factors and ele... more ». -
General characteristic environment a habitat of people. Biological factors. One of the most important concepts ecology is Wednesday a habitat. Wednesday- is a collection factors and ele... more ». -
General characteristic environment a habitat of people. Biological factors. One of the most important concepts ecology is Wednesday a habitat. Wednesday- is a collection factors and ele... more ». -
General characteristic environment a habitat of people. Biological factors. One of the most important concepts ecology is Wednesday a habitat. Wednesday- is a collection factors and ele... more ». -
General characteristic environment a habitat of people. Biological factors. One of the most important concepts ecology is Wednesday a habitat. Wednesday- is a collection factors and ele... more ». -
Characteristic biological factors environment a habitat. Sources of dangerous biological substances.
on the body person - increased level electromagnetic radiation, ultraviolet and infrared radiation - insufficient lighting...
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Favorable conditions for human life on our planet are very limited, the area of his habitat occupies only a small part of the biosphere, however, by changing both the natural environment and creating new, specific environments, humans currently inhabit almost all natural areas Earth.
The following human components are important for a favorable life: air, water, soil, subsoil contents, flora and fauna, climate, components of the energy environment. Let's take a closer look at them
When we breathe, thousands of cubic meters of air pass through our lungs every year, so it is air pollution that primarily affects the human body.
Air environment for a person it could be:
¾ outdoor (outside), located outdoors (street, park, forest), in which most people spend on average up to 10-15% of their time during the day;
¾ internal production ( workplace), on which approximately 30% of the time (8 hours) is usually spent;
¾ internal residential (inside) – residential premises (houses, apartments). A person usually spends up to 70% of his time in them.
Air from a clean outdoor environment is most favorable for breathing in terms of composition and properties, but currently its quality is declining for various reasons. The main problems associated with the state of the outdoor environment will be discussed below (see section 2.4). The air quality of the internal production environment is one of the main subjects of consideration in the discipline “Life Safety”, which is a mandatory component of education in the direction of “Technosphere Safety”
Indoor air in residential premises, as a rule, has a high content of carbon dioxide and other chemicals: formaldehyde(sources - furniture, plywood, polystyrene foam), asbestos(insulating material), various combustion products, for example CO, NO, etc.
Water environment. Man does not live in an aquatic environment, but the quality of water is of great importance to him. For humans, the aquatic environment includes superficial And underground water.
- Superficial waters are concentrated mostly in the World Ocean, the surface of which is 361 million km 2 (2.4 times larger than the land area (149 million km 2)).
- Underground Waters are: salty, brackish (less salinity) and fresh.
Fresh water is of greatest importance to humans, making up only 2.7% of the total volume of water on Earth, and only 0.36% is available in easily accessible places.
Greatest practical significance for humans they represent river waters. Lake water is used to a lesser extent, and glacial water is still practically not used. Significant water reserves are concentrated in aquifers of rocks (groundwater).
Formally, the Russian Federation is one of two water-abundant countries (along with Brazil). Per resident of Russia there are 28.5 thousand m 3 /year fresh water, however, the distribution of river flow is extremely uneven. The average long-term total flow of Russian rivers is 4270 km 3 /year, however, more than 90% of it falls on the basins of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. The basins of the Caspian and Azov Seas, where 80% of Russia's population lives and its main industrial and agricultural potential is concentrated, account for less than 8% of the total annual flow.
For example, the Rostov, Astrakhan, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Belgorod, Kursk regions, the Republic of Kalmykia and some other regions are not sufficiently provided with their own water resources. In addition, there is a progressive decline in water resources southern rivers countries influenced by economic activities. The decrease in annual flow on average ranges from 10 (Volga) to 50% or more (Kuban, Terek, Ural, etc.), which exceeds the level of environmentally acceptable water intake.
The soil is the surface fertile layer of the earth's crust. The amount of food produced directly depends on it. In the biosphere, it performs two main functions that are of great importance for humans:
· production organic matter;
· mineralization of dead organic residues.
Currently, soil has also become a biological filter that absorbs and neutralizes industrial and household waste.
Most often, soil is considered as land resources, i.e. lands systematically used or suitable for use for specific economic purposes. Land resources are limited. They are not replaceable by other means of production. They differ in agricultural production properties, fertility and location. The world's land fund is distributed as follows:
1. cultivated lands - 11.3%, of which 10.4% are arable;
2. uncultivated lands - 88.7%, of which meadows and pastures - 25.8%; forest lands - 29.6%; other lands - 33.3%.
The quality of productive land in different regions of the Earth can vary greatly. On a significant part of the land, land use in general and agriculture in particular is limited by various natural factors:
28% of the land surface is occupied by deserts and semi-deserts, i.e. territories subject to severe aridization
On 23% of lands in the soil there is either a deficiency of biophilic elements, which sharply reduces productivity, or the accumulation of toxic compounds (soil salinization);
22% of the land is in the mountains; in these areas, agriculture is hampered by high surface slopes, a high risk of erosion and thin soils;
10% of lands experience excessive moisture with stagnation of groundwater and waterlogging;
6% of agriculture is limited due to the development of permafrost.
Thus, only on 11% of lands there are no serious limiting factors and more or less full-fledged agriculture is possible.
At the beginning of the 21st century, there was an average of about 0.3 hectares of arable land per person (in Japan 0.04 hectares, in the USA 0.63 hectares, in Russia 0.88 hectares). Since the 1970s, this number has been continuously decreasing, despite the constant involvement of new lands in agricultural circulation. This is due, first of all, to population growth.
It should be noted that due to intensive farming, the quality of land is decreasing. In dry and hot climates, this often leads to desertification. This phenomenon has been observed since ancient times. Thus, at present, most of the territory of Western Asia (Iran, Iraq, Syria), where agriculture appeared at one time (approximately 10 thousand years ago), is a desert.
The main reasons for the decline in the quantity and quality of agricultural land are: soil pollution, overgrowing of shallow and remote areas with forests and shrubs, the development of erosion processes, flooding and swamping of lands.
The soils around large cities and industrial centers for several tens of kilometers are contaminated with heavy metals, petroleum products, and fluorine compounds.
Erosion- this is the process of destruction of soil cover and removal of soil particles by water flows (water erosion) or by the wind (wind erosion). In Russia, the area of arable land subject to water and wind erosion is 82 million hectares, or 64% of its total area. Every year the area of eroded land increases by 0.4-0.5 million hectares, and the loss of fertile soil amounts to 1.5 billion tons. A significant part of irrigated and drained farmland requires comprehensive reconstruction, and the collector-drainage network also needs to be rebuilt. Despite drainage reclamation, the areas of waterlogged and swampy lands are constantly increasing. Of all farmland, 7.3% are saline to varying degrees. Although work is constantly being carried out to deoxidize soils, their area is practically not decreasing and currently amounts to about 5 million hectares. The condition of arid territories in Russia is deteriorating everywhere, and desertification is becoming increasingly widespread. The pace of reclamation of disturbed lands is also unsatisfactory.
The state of land resources around the world, and especially in developing countries, raises serious concerns regarding the challenges of increasing food production.
Subsoil - part of the earth's crust located below the soil layer, and in its absence - below the earth's surface and the bottom of reservoirs and drains, extending to depths accessible for geological study and development. The main component of the subsoil is mineral resources- a set of minerals contained in the bowels of the earth, which are the basis for the development of industries National economy. The mineral resources include: non-ferrous and rare metals, precious metals, energy raw materials, non-metallic minerals, raw materials for the construction industry, medicinal springs and mud.
The subsoil provides raw materials not only to industry, but also to agriculture (for the production mineral fertilizers). On the globe, the volume of mineral extraction doubles every 15-18 years. Russia's share in global mining and industrial production is 14%. In our country, 9-10% of world oil production, 20-25% of natural gas, 5-7% of coal, 7-8% of iron ores, 12-20% of nickel and cobalt, more than 10% of tungsten, 26% of diamonds are extracted annually. 12% potassium salts, 6% phosphorus concentrate, a significant portion of other non-ferrous and rare metals, gold, silver, platinum and platinoids. Mineral raw materials continue to be the main component of Russian exports, providing about 70% of all foreign exchange earnings of Russia.
In terms of the volume of explored reserves, Russia occupies a leading position in the world. In the depths of Russia, whose territory makes up 12% of the Earth's landmass, 14% of the world's oil reserves, 35% of gas, 11% of coal, 26% of iron ores, and a significant part of the world's reserves of gold, diamonds, non-ferrous and rare metals are concentrated.
In general, the problem of quantitative growth in production concerns only a limited range of minerals (manganese, chromium, antimony, mercury, muscovite, fluorspar). However, it should be noted that the level of losses is quite high with the underground method of mining coal (23.5%), chrome ore (27.7%), and potassium salts (62.5%). The state suffers serious damage from the loss of valuable components during their processing and transportation. The most pressing issues remain regarding the integrated use of mineral raw materials. Currently, the mining complex has become one of the largest sources of environmental pollution.
Vegetation cover plays a huge role in a person's life. Plants participate in the formation of soil humus and the formation of gas composition atmospheric air. The most important plant resource on the globe is the forest, which produces more than 60% of biologically active oxygen (one tree in 24 hours restores the amount of oxygen that is necessary for the normal breathing of three people during the day). The green plants of the continents make up 99.2% of the biomass of the Earth's organisms, and forests account for more than 90% of all plant biomass on land. Therefore, forests occupy the most important place in the life of man and nature. The forest, as an integral part of the biosphere, is a powerful regulator of climate and water balance. Its role is high in purifying atmospheric air from harmful impurities and pathogenic microbes, replenishing oxygen reserves, maintaining balance chemical composition atmosphere, especially balances of oxygen, carbon and nitrogen; in maintaining the hydrological regime of rivers; preventing soil erosion; combating droughts and hot winds. 1 hectare of forest, depending on its species composition, is capable of absorbing 5-10 tons of carbon dioxide and releasing 10-20 tons of oxygen over the course of a year. In addition, the forest is a habitat for diverse different types wild animals, a place where mushrooms and berries grow, a supplier of wood - the most valuable raw material for human economic activity. It has been proven that the recreational value of forests alone is tens of times higher than the value of all wood.
The role of tree plantations is not only to retain dust and absorb carbon dioxide, but also to the remarkable ability of plants to release phytoncides into the environment biologically active substances, suppressing the growth and development of pathogenic microorganisms. Forest stripes are the best means of optimal snow distribution on the fields. Unfortunately, in many regions of Russia, as well as throughout the world, there is an increase in the rate of negative changes in vegetation cover and a decrease in floristic diversity. Between 8 and 21% of wild flora species need protection.
Despite the increase in last years forested area, the quality of the forest deteriorates due to a decrease in the density and age composition of plantings.
Animal world to renewable natural resources. He has great importance for soil-forming processes, participates in the formation of the gas composition of the atmosphere, water regime and flora biosphere.
Science knows two reasons for the extinction of animals: natural processes caused by environmental changes and human activity. When the rate of environmental change exceeds the adaptive capacity of species, species become extinct. There is now a trend towards a depletion of the fauna by about 10% of the world's fauna.
The faunal diversity of wild animals on the territory of Russia was estimated in 1991 by the following indicators: insects up to 80 thousand species, aquatic invertebrates up to 12 thousand, freshwater fish about 400, marine fish about 2400, amphibians 26, reptiles 66, birds 720, mammals 328 species . Currently, there is a tendency towards depletion of the fauna, especially in areas with a high concentration of industry and population, on average by about 10% of the world faunal diversity.
Climate. The climatic environment is an important factor determining development various types living organisms. Climate is no less important both for the development of human society as a whole and for economic development individual countries.
Characteristic feature Russia is that in most of its territory the climate is colder than in other countries. As an example, we give the average January temperature values in different cities world: Moscow – -6.5°С; Washington – +2.2°С; New York – +0.3°С; Rome – +8.1°С; Stockholm – -2.3°C; Paris – +4.2°С. It is also worth noting that the cold period in our country is on average 2-3 months longer than, for example, in Europe.
49% of the country's territory is occupied by permafrost soils. From an environmental point of view, the climatic conditions of Russia are the least favorable: firstly, increased fuel consumption for heating leads to additional air pollution during the cold season, and, secondly, the northern regions are more sensitive to pollution and less resistant to external influences.
Energy environment as a component of the human environment are formed under the influence of noise, vibration, ultrasound, infrasound, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation. They can be of natural or artificial origin.
Noise is any sound that goes beyond the limits of sound comfort. Most often these are disordered sound vibrations; but there are also ordered ones that interfere with the perception of necessary sounds or cause an unpleasant sensation and damage the hearing organs. Noise levels can be characterized by sound intensity. Noise is measured in decibels, the audible range falls within 140 decibels.
The higher the sound frequency in the area of ultrasound and audible sound, the harder the noise is to bear. Sudden sharp sounds are especially difficult to bear. high frequency. The human ear perceives sounds with a frequency of 16-20000 Hz. Vibrations inaudible by humans with a frequency of less than 16 Hz are infrasound, and with a frequency of more than 20,000 Hz, ultrasound and hypersound. Adaptation to noise is impossible. With a noise of 30-40 dB, slight discomfort is felt. 50-60 dB has a negative impact on nervous system a person especially engaged in mental work (distracting, irritating effect).
Vibration refers to complex vibrations in mechanical systems that are transmitted through the ground and are perceived only upon contact with a vibrating body; at a frequency of 1-100 Hz they are perceived as shaking.
Main sources of vibration technological equipment shock action(hammers, presses), powerful power plants(pumps, compressors, engines), rail transport. Vibrations spread through the ground and reach the foundations of public and residential buildings, often causing sound vibrations that have a destructive effect on structures and structures.
Electromagnetic pollution (according to N. Reimers) occurs as a result of changes in the electromagnetic properties of the environment, leading to disruptions in the functioning of electronic systems and changes in fine cellular and molecular biological structures. Natural changes in the electromagnetic background (when changing solar activity, magnetic “storms”, etc.) are called electromagnetic anomalies. Recently, due to the widespread development of electronic control systems, transmissions, communications, and electric power facilities, anthropogenic electromagnetic pollution has come to the fore - the creation of artificial electromagnetic fields (EMF). Their influence on our lives is diverse, but not sufficiently studied.
Thus, electromagnetic pollution occurs as a result of changes in the electromagnetic properties of the environment. Recently, much attention has been paid to artificial electromagnetic fields (EMF), the source of which is radio transmitting devices, electrified vehicles, power lines, etc.
Ionizing radiation is a type of radiation whose interaction with a medium leads to the formation of ions. Several decades ago, it came only from natural sources of radioactivity. With the beginning of the use of nuclear energy, an artificial radiation load caused by civilization was added to natural radiation. The impact of ionizing radiation on living organisms in areas of radioactive contamination can cause severe damage, including genetic damage.
The main types of ionizing radiation are:
α rays, heavy, positively charged particles moving at 107 m/s and being absorbed by aluminum foil a few microns (millionths of a meter) thick. These particles are helium nuclei.
β – lungs, negatively charged particles moving at close to speed and absorbed by a 1mm thick layer of aluminum. These particles are electrons.
γ rays– highly penetrating radiation that does not deviate either electrically or electrically magnetic fields. The nature of γ rays is hard electromagnetic radiation, which has an even shorter wavelength than x-rays.
Radioactivity– spontaneous transformation of an unstable nuclide into another nuclide, accompanied by the emission of ionizing radiation.
The main characteristic The degree of danger of ionizing radiation is the radiation dose (a portion of energy transferred by radiation to a substance). There are several dose groups. For example, uh exposure dose – the amount of g-radiation capable of ionizing dry air. Exposure dose characterizes the potential danger of g-radiation. Absorbed dose the amount of energy of any type of radiation absorbed per unit mass of a substance. This is the physical dose of radiation.
Dose equivalent is the amount of energy of any type of radiation absorbed per unit mass of a substance, taking into account the quality of the radiation. This is the most important dose from the point of view of biological effect. It cannot be measured, but must be calculated.
The problem of the impact of the energy environment on the natural environment and human health deserves the closest attention.
Introduction_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3
1. Man as an element of the environment_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _6
2. The concept of habitat_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7
3.Human environment_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _8
Conclusion_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14
List of used literature_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _16
Introduction.
Man is born with the inalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. He exercises his rights to life, rest, health protection, a favorable environment, and work in conditions that meet safety and hygiene requirements in the process of life. They are guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
It is known that “life is a form of existence of matter.” This allows us to assert that a person exists in the process of life, consisting of his continuous interaction with the environment in order to satisfy his needs. The concept of “life activity” is broader than the concept of “activity”, since it includes into consideration not only the labor process of a person, but also the conditions of his rest, life and migration to environment.
The basic principle of the existence and development of all living things is the principle of mandatory external influence: “A living body develops and exists only in the presence of external influences on it.” Self-development of a living body is impossible.
The implementation of this principle in nature is achieved by the interaction of a living body with its surrounding natural environment, and in other conditions by the interaction of all living things with its surrounding habitat.
Ecology, the science of home, studies the state of the habitat and the processes of interaction of creatures with their environment. According to B.A. Nemirovsky, ecology is biological science, which is engaged in “the study of the collective coexistence of living organisms in one communal apartment called “environment”.”
WITH late XIX century, significant changes began to occur in the human environment. The biosphere gradually lost its dominant significance and in regions inhabited by people began to turn into the technosphere. By invading nature, the laws of which are still far from being understood, and creating new technologies, people form an artificial habitat - the technosphere. If we take into account that the moral and general cultural development of civilization lags behind the pace scientific and technological progress, an increased risk to health and life becomes apparent modern man. In the new technospheric conditions, biological interaction is increasingly being replaced by processes of physical and chemical interaction, and the levels of physical and chemical factors of influence in the last century have continuously increased, often affecting Negative influence on man and nature. Then the need arose in society to protect nature and people from the negative influence of the technosphere.
Anthropogenic, that is, caused by human activity, changes in the environment acquired such proportions in the second half of the 20th century that people directly or indirectly became their victims. Anthropogenic activity, which failed to create a technosphere of the required quality both in relation to humans and in relation to nature, was the root cause of many negative processes in nature and society.
Thus, the technosphere must be considered as a former region of the biosphere, transformed by people through direct or indirect influence technical means in order to best meet their material and socio-economic needs.
As academician A.L. Yanshin (b. 1911) notes, even the second World War with its colossal negative consequences, did not upset the existing balance in nature. However, then the situation changed radically. Rapid population growth began, and the number of urban residents increased. This caused an increase in urban areas, including landfills, roads, country roads, and so on, which led to the degradation of nature and sharply reduced the distribution areas of many plants and animals due to deforestation, increased livestock numbers, and the use of herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers. The problem of nuclear waste disposal and many other problems arose.
The human impact on the environment, according to the laws of physics, causes response from all its components. The human body tolerates certain influences painlessly as long as they do not exceed the limits of adaptation. An integral indicator of life safety is life expectancy. In the early stages of anthropogenesis (for primitive man) she was approximately 25 years old.
The development of civilization, which refers to the progress of science, technology, economics, Agriculture, the use of various types of energy, including nuclear energy, the creation of machines, mechanisms, the use of various types of fertilizers and pest control agents, significantly increase the number of harmful factors that negatively affect humans. By creating the technosphere, man sought to improve the comfort of the living environment, to increase communication skills, and to provide protection from natural negative influences.
But by developing the economy, the human population also created a socio-economic security system. As a result, despite the increase in the number harmful effects, the level of human safety increased. All this had a beneficial effect on living conditions and, together with other factors (improved medical care and the like), affected people’s life expectancy. Currently, the average life expectancy in the most developed countries is about 77 years.
Thus, the technosphere created by the hands and mind of man, designed to maximally satisfy his needs for comfort and safety, has not lived up to people’s hopes in many ways. The emerging industrial and urban habitats turned out to be far from acceptable safety requirements.
1. Man as an element of the environment.
Most common system(the highest hierarchical level) is the “Man-Environment” (H-SO) system.
The most important subsystem that BJD considers is “Human-Environment” (H-E).
- “Man-Machine-Production Environment”, etc.
The central element of all life safety systems is the person, so the person plays a threefold role:
1. object of protection,
2. security object,
3. source of danger.
The high cost of operator error - up to 60% of accidents occur due to human fault.
2.The concept of habitat.
The human environment is divided into production and non-production (household).
The main element of the production environment is labor, which in turn consists of interrelated and interconnecting elements (Fig. 2) that make up the structure of labor: C - subjects of labor, M - “machines” - means and objects of labor; PT - labor processes, consisting of the actions of both subjects and machines, PrT - labor products, both target and by-products in the form of harmful and dangerous impurities formed in air environment etc., software of industrial relations (organizational, economic, socio-psychological, labor legal: relations related to work culture, professional culture, aesthetic, etc.). Elements of the non-production environment: natural environment in the form of geographical-landscape (G-L), geophysical (G), climatic (C) elements, natural disasters (ND), including fires from lightning and other natural sources, natural processes(PP) in the form of gas emissions from rocks, etc. can manifest itself both in non-production form (sphere) and production, especially in such sectors of the national economy as construction, mining, geology, geodesy and others.
Man is in close connection with all elements of his environment in the process of his activities.
Interest in the environment of one's habitat has always been characteristic of man. And this is understandable, since not only the well-being of the family, clan, tribe, but also its very existence depended on the quality of this environment.
In the Middle Ages, the dominance of scholasticism and theology weakened interest in the study of nature. However, during the Renaissance, great geographical discoveries again revived the biological research of naturalists.
3. Human habitat.
The environment surrounding modern humans includes the natural environment, the built environment, the human-made environment, and the social environment.
Every day, living in the city, walking, working, studying, a person satisfies a wide range of needs. In the system of human needs (biological, psychological, ethnic, social, labor, economic), we can highlight needs related to the ecology of the living environment. Among them are the comfort and safety of the natural environment, environmentally friendly housing, the provision of sources of information (works of art, attractive landscapes) and others.
Natural or biological needs are a group of needs that provide the possibility of a person’s physical existence in conditions comfortable environment, is the need for space, good air, water, etc., the presence of a suitable environment familiar to a person. The greening of biological needs is associated with the need to create an eco-friendly, clean urban environment and maintain the good condition of natural and artificial nature in the city. But in modern big cities it is hardly possible to talk about the presence of a sufficient volume and quality of the environment that every person needs.
As industrial production grew, more and more diverse products and goods were produced, and at the same time, environmental pollution increased sharply. Surrounding a person urban environment did not correspond the right person historical sensory influences: cities without any signs of beauty, slums, dirt, standard gray houses, polluted air, harsh noise, etc.
But still, we can confidently state that as a result of industrialization and spontaneous urbanization, the human environment has gradually become “aggressive” for the senses, which have been evolutionarily adapted over many millions of years to the natural environment. In essence, man has relatively recently found himself in an urban environment. Naturally, during this time, the basic mechanisms of perception were unable to adapt to the changed visual environment and changes in air, water, and soil. This did not pass without a trace: it is known that people living in polluted areas of the city are more prone to various diseases. The most common are cardiovascular and endocrine disorders, but there is a whole complex of various diseases, the cause of which is a general decrease in immunity.
In connection with drastic changes in the natural environment, many studies have arisen aimed at studying the state of the environment and the health of residents in a particular country, city, or region. But, as a rule, it is forgotten that a city dweller spends most of his time indoors (up to 90% of the time) and the quality of the environment inside various buildings and structures turns out to be more important for human health and well-being. The concentration of pollutants indoors is often significantly higher than in outdoor air.
A resident of a modern city sees most of all flat surfaces - building facades, squares, streets and right angles - the intersections of these planes. In nature, planes connected by right angles are very rare. In apartments and offices there is a continuation of such landscapes, which cannot but affect the mood and well-being of the people who are constantly there.
The habitat is inextricably linked with the concept of “biosphere”. This term was introduced by the Australian geologist Suess in 175. The biosphere is the natural area of distribution of life on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the upper layer of the lithosphere. The name of the Russian scientist V.I. Vernadsky is associated with the creation of the doctrine of the biosphere and its transition to the noosphere. The main thing in the doctrine of the noosphere is the unity of the biosphere and humanity. According to Vernadsky, in the era of the noosphere, a person can and should “think and act in a new aspect, not only in the aspect of an individual, family, state, but also in a planetary aspect.”
IN life cycle a person and his surrounding environment form a constantly operating system “man – environment”.
Habitat is the environment surrounding a person, currently determined by a combination of factors (physical, chemical, biological, social) that can have a direct or indirect, immediate or remote impact on human activity, his health and offspring.
Acting in this system, a person continuously solves at least two main tasks:
Provides its needs for food, water and air;
Creates and uses protection from negative influences, both from the environment and from its own kind.
Habitat is the part of nature that surrounds a living organism and with which it directly interacts. The components and properties of the environment are diverse and changeable. Any living creature lives in a complex and changing world, constantly adapting to it and regulating its life activity in accordance with its changes.
Adaptations of organisms to the environment are called adaptations. The ability to adapt is one of the main properties of life in general, as it provides the very possibility of existence, the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Adaptations manifest themselves at different levels: from the biochemistry of cells and the behavior of individual organisms to the structure and functioning of communities and ecological systems. Adaptations arise and change during the evolution of species.
Individual properties or elements of the environment are called environmental factors. Environmental factors are diverse. They can be necessary or, conversely, harmful to living beings, promote or hinder survival and reproduction. Environmental factors have different natures and specific actions. Environmental factors are divided into abiotic (all properties of inanimate nature that directly or indirectly affect living organisms) and biotic (these are forms of influence of living beings on each other).
Negative impacts inherent in the environment have existed as long as the World has existed. Sources of natural negative impacts are natural phenomena in the biosphere: climate change, thunderstorms, earthquakes, and the like.
The constant struggle for one's existence forced man to find and improve means of protection against the natural negative influences of the environment. Unfortunately, the emergence of housing, fire and other means of protection, improvement of methods of obtaining food - all this not only protected people from natural negative influences, but also influenced the living environment.
Over the course of many centuries, the human environment has slowly changed its appearance and, as a result, the types and levels of negative impacts have changed little. So, it continued until mid-19th century - the beginning of the active growth of human impact on the environment. In the 20th century, zones of increased biosphere pollution arose on Earth, which led to partial, and in some cases, complete regional degradation. These changes were largely facilitated by:
High rates of population growth on Earth (demographic explosion) and its urbanization;
Increased consumption and concentration of energy resources;
Intensive development of industrial and agricultural production;
Massive use of means of transport;
Increased costs for military purposes and a number of other processes.
Man and his environment (natural, industrial, urban, household and others) constantly interact with each other in the process of life. At the same time, life can only exist in the process of movement of flows of matter, energy and information through a living body. Man and his environment interact harmoniously and develop only in conditions where the flows of energy, matter and information are within limits that are favorably perceived by man and the natural environment. Any excess of the usual flow levels is accompanied by negative impacts on humans and/or the natural environment. Under natural conditions, such impacts are observed during climate change and natural phenomena.
In the technosphere, negative impacts are caused by its elements (machines, structures, etc.) and human actions. By changing the value of any flow from the minimum significant to the maximum possible, it is possible to go through a number of characteristic states of interaction in the “person – environment” system: comfortable (optimal), acceptable (leading to discomfort without a negative impact on human health), dangerous (causing with prolonged exposure degradation of the natural environment) and extremely dangerous (lethal outcome and destruction of the natural environment).
Of the four characteristic states of human interaction with the environment, only the first two (comfortable and acceptable) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life, while the other two (dangerous and extremely dangerous) are unacceptable for human life processes, conservation and development of the natural environment.
Conclusion.
There is no doubt that the technosphere has a detrimental effect on nature, and therefore on surrounding a person Wednesday. Consequently, a person must solve the problem of protecting nature by improving the technosphere, reducing its negative impact to acceptable levels and ensuring safety in this environment.
A wasteful lifestyle takes a huge toll on the environment. One of the main reasons for the ongoing degradation of the natural environment around the world is unsustainable consumption and production patterns, especially in industrialized countries. In this case, sustainable development means managed, consistent with the evolutionary laws of nature and society, that is, development in which the vital needs of people of the current generation are satisfied without depriving future generations of such an opportunity.
Man is the most gifted and powerful representative of all life on Earth. In the 19th century, he began a broad transformation of the appearance of our planet. He decided not to wait for favors from nature, but simply to take from her everything he needed, without giving her anything in return.
Using ever newer techniques and technology, people tried to create for themselves a living environment that was as independent as possible from the laws of nature. But man is an integral part of nature and therefore cannot tear himself away from it, cannot completely escape into what he has created. mechanical world. Destroying nature, he went “backwards”, thereby destroying his entire existence. The modern period of development of society is characterized by a great increase in the conflict between man and the environment. Nature began to take revenge on man for his thoughtless consumer attitudes towards her. They polluted nature with toxic substances, using their technical achievements, people infect themselves with this.
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Lecture 7. The structure of the living environment of modern man.
Plan:
6.1 System of human needs.
6.2 Social evolution and transformation of initial biological needs.
6.3 The structure of the human environment and trends in its development and formation.
The nature of human needs.
Human needs are divided into two groups: biological and social. The division is conditional. The biological needs of humans include: the need for procreation, the need for food, the need for a certain regime of factors of inanimate nature, etc. The satisfaction of all these anatomical and physiological needs in humans and higher animals is associated not only with the physiological reactions of the body to changes in the external environment, but also with active behavior. The evolution towards increasing the efficiency of behavior aimed at satisfying anatomical and physiological needs has led to the formation of biological (fixed in heredity) behavioral needs, such as the need for physical activity, the need for orientation in space and time, the need for knowledge of the surrounding world, the need in psycho-emotional contact with individuals of the same species, etc. All these needs are common to both humans and all higher animals. In the process of social evolution of human society, behavioral needs have significantly transformed. The need for knowledge and orientation has developed into the need to obtain the most complete information about the world around us; the need for physical activity has largely transformed into a labor need. The need to join a group has turned into a need for a certain sociocultural climate. Such a transformation was due to the fact that the adaptive capabilities of humans to environmental conditions differ significantly from the abilities of animals. If the adaptive abilities of animal behavior mainly depend on genetically fixed instincts of behavior, then the adaptive behavior of a person, in turn, depends on his ability to learn and analyze life experience. Since the transition from natural consumption natural resources to the production of means of satisfying basic biological needs, the way to satisfy them depends on social relations. Social relations began to determine not only the method of satisfaction, but also the formation of new needs. In progress biological evolution man has lost natural thermal insulation in the form of wool. As people settled in temperate and northern latitudes, to satisfy one of the basic needs for optimal temperature, the need for artificial thermal insulation in the form of clothing developed. With the increasing complexity of social relations, clothing has become not only a means of thermal insulation, but also a way to declare one’s belonging to a certain social group or individuality. This is the origin of: 1. traditions in clothing; 2. desire to dress fashionably or expensively. That is, the anatomical and physiological need for thermal insulation, the behavioral need to create this insulation, have merged with the behavioral need to belong to a certain group and the need to stand out in this group. Hence the peculiarity of socio-cultural needs in clothing: not only to simply have thermal insulation properties, but to correspond to one’s social status and preserve individuality. Often social needs, which developed on the basis of biological needs in one ethnic group, became an obstacle to the realization of existing needs in another ethnic group. Example: environmental conditions In the Middle East, widespread consumption of pork was dangerous to human health, since existing methods of natural preservation of this product in the data climatic conditions did not ensure its infectious safety. Life experience generations has resulted in a tradition prohibiting the people of this region from consuming pork. This tradition has become entrenched in Judaism and Islam as a religious dogma. The geographical spread of Islam brought this religion to the Caucasus, where the ancestors of the Circassians and Circassians, the Narts, like all Europeans, raised pigs, since oak forests and a mild climate made it possible for them to feed on pastures throughout almost the entire year. Pork consumption was correspondingly widespread. The adoption of Islam led to the abandonment of highly nutritious traditional food products.
The development of social relations and the associated division of labor led to the emergence of commodity exchange and made the satisfaction of basic human needs also a commodity, that is, not only food and clothing, but also services provided by members of society to each other became a commodity. As social relations developed, production increased. The growth of production created new goods, which stimulated the transformation of existing needs into new ones, and this continues to this day.
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The greater the production capabilities of a person, the more they stimulate the growth of human needs for new goods. Realization of human needs for comfortable housing, clothing, transportation, high-quality, varied, plentiful food, scientific, artistic and emotional information, while personally observing the norms of the so-called healthy image life may not affect his own health, but the very development of production, which ensures the satisfaction of all these needs, affects the health of many other people. The greater the apparent independence of human society from natural conditions, the stronger the retaliatory blow to humanity from the changes in nature themselves, but for a particular person this cause-and-effect part turns out to be quite distant. In this regard, the concepts of the so-called sustainable development, when humanity can consciously limit at least the quantitative growth of its needs for goods, that is, sustainable development is not a cessation of the development of production, science, social progress, but development subordinated to the single goal of maintaining a stable dynamic balance in the biosphere and thus thereby ensuring the existence of humanity as the survival of the species. Calls to return to the past, when, like hunters and gatherers, people were in complete harmony with nature, are essentially misanthropic, since the rejection of modern production technologies will doom the bulk of the modern six billion population to death from starvation.
At the root of the concept of sustainable development are the principles rational environmental management. At the root of these principles are the following provisions:
· Any human intervention for production purposes in the natural environment should not be of a size that disrupts the dynamic balance of the ecosystem.
· If maintaining dynamic equilibrium naturally impossible, simultaneously with the development of production, mechanisms must be developed to ensure this balance artificially: a) obstacles to environmental pollution; b) processing of substances created industrially in the form of products or waste that are not characteristic of the corresponding nature, into components that can be included in the cycle of substances in the ecosystem; c) if the development of production is associated with the consumption of non-renewable natural resources, the scale of their withdrawal should, on the one hand, be limited, ensuring the existence of the ecosystem at the expense of other resources, and, on the other hand, a simultaneous search for resources that will satisfy the same needs of people.
FORMATION OF THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
However, the transition to a strategy for transforming the environment in favor of humans gives rise to new problems, the solution of which requires new transformations that are impossible without improving the organization of society. In turn, the higher the organization of society, the more opportunities it has for further transformations of nature. The deeper the transformation, the more acute and complex the problems that arise as a result.
By the end of the 20th century, the level of development of both agriculture and industrial production had reached such levels that there were practically no ecosystems left on the planet that had not experienced the influence of this production. The inclusion of various industrial wastes and pesticides in the cycle of ecosystem substances, the transformation of landscapes in areas actively used by humans, due to the global cycle of substances in the biosphere, cause changes in regions hundreds of thousands of kilometers distant, in which, as they say, no human has set foot.
However, human society has become as important a component of ecological systems as the components of inanimate and living nature. For this reason, modern ecosystems should be considered as socio-ecosystems, highlighting the independent role of humanity in the cycle of substances of living and inanimate nature.
The intervention of human communities in ecosystems has led to the fact that ecosystems from steady state moved into dynamic equilibrium when the increasing demand for food, water resources, raw materials, waste disposal are satisfied through the irreversible use of abiotic and biotic components.
The main consequences of this can be summarized as follows.
Changes in the original natural biocenoses as a result of agricultural and industrial production. Consequences: a) local increase in the number of existing and the emergence of new organisms living at the expense of those animals and plants that people grow for themselves; b) disruption of the cycle of substances in the ecosystem as a result of disruption of natural trophic chains, decreased fertility and soil erosion associated with its cultivation; c) changes in the landscape, the physical and chemical composition of soils as a result of extractive and simple production and disruption of the cycle of substances in nature, both due to the removal of certain components from it and the introduction of new ones.
Irreversible use of energy resources accumulated in individual ecosystems and their depletion.
Unprecedented pollution of the environment with waste from human activity, agriculture, animals and plants and new chemical compounds.
However, the original natural component of the human environment has undergone significant changes and, taking into account its replacement by an artificially created environment in the form of dwellings, gardens, lands, urban living conditions, we can talk about the creation of a “second nature”. Changes in the rhythm and quality of the circulation of substances in many ecosystems have led to its changes in the biosphere and, therefore, we can say that “second nature” has become ubiquitous and “virgin nature” as such no longer exists.
The habitat of modern man is perceived as an extremely complex structure, which includes 4 inextricably linked subsystems:
THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. These are components of living and inanimate nature, which, although they have undergone changes associated with human activity, are capable of self-reproduction without human participation.
QUASI-NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. These are components of living and inanimate nature, transformed by people so that they are not capable of self-reproduction without human participation, although they are elements characteristic of the natural environment. It includes agricultural land, park areas, etc.
ARTIFICIAL NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. This is the entire material world created by man and has no analogues in the first two subsystems (industrial enterprises, machines, buildings, etc.).
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT or cultural and psychological climate created for an individual social groups or humanity as a whole.
All 4 subsystems are in close cooperation. The increasing independence of humans from the natural environment is apparent, because the more people change the natural environment, the more they become dependent on these changes. The problem of the optimal relationship between 4 subsystems in the total human environment arises.
All this is an illustration of how man, generated by changes in nature, even at the dawn of his history, began to change nature himself, the changed nature caused new changes in human living conditions and determined the further evolution of human society and, as a result, its impact on the material environment expanded, forming what is now called "second nature".
Everything indicates that a person cannot get out of nature, while the “second nature”, formed under the determining influence of the existing material natural base, instead of making a person independent of the environment, further increases and diversifies both the environment itself and man and his dependence on it. And, therefore, the modern ecological situation is not the result of man’s confrontation with nature itself, but the result of the natural evolution of the global ecosystem of planet Earth from the Biosphere to the socio-ecosystem or Noosphere.
The division of the human environment into subsystems is very arbitrary. Thus, human life takes place in populated areas and industrial premises, which, as a habitat, have their own characteristics. At the same time, in this environment the same environmental factors (abiotic and biotic) operate as in nature, but in different quantitative and qualitative relationships, and the force of influence should be close to or even exceed the force of influence of the same factors in nature, subjecting adaptive capabilities to a severe test body.
Such features of the human environment include:
Features of the impact of basic climatic factors: a combination of extreme conditions of temperature, humidity, pressure, air movement; exposure to various types of radiation acting on the physiological and genetic apparatus; noise impacts; pollution of the environment with traditional and new xenobiotics.
Features of connections and relationships with other organisms. The lifestyle of people has changed. The basic forms of biotic relationships between humans and other species have also changed. Qualitative changes in the nature of trophic connections manifested themselves, first of all, in an increase in their energy intensity (increase in energy costs for obtaining food). Bilateral feeding relationships and competitive relationships with many species have lost their significance for humans. Most of non-domesticated animals and plants have gone from being a source of food to being a means of entertainment or a component of culture. In the same time high density population has increased the importance of pathogenic microorganisms. At the same time, if the results of the development of hygiene, medicine, drug production, immunization have reduced and even eliminated the danger of many infectious diseases, then the introduction of humans into new natural ecosystems led to the fact that man became the accidental “host” of many new infectious diseases. Paradoxically, the same advances in medicine led to the emergence, as a result of selection, of microorganisms resistant to the drugs and disinfectants used, which made the fight against a number of seemingly defeated infections again a pressing problem.
There was an expansion of factory connections unprecedented in nature, which led to the almost irrevocable withdrawal of significant quantities of plant and animal biomass from the cycle of substances.
Human production activity, combined with the growth in population size and density, leads to the accumulation of waste that changes the conditions of existence of many other species, which makes human topical connections almost universal.
Lecture 7. The structure of the living environment of modern man. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Lecture 7. The structure of the living environment of modern man." 2017, 2018.
Life began on Earth approximately 3.7 billion years ago, according to another source about 4.1 billion years ago. Development continues to this day. According to all assumptions, life will continue in the future, adapting to the environment, and the presence or absence of a person will not be able to interrupt it.
Australian scientists have discovered signs of life on land that are 3.5 billion years old. Their findings confirmed that life formed in fresh water bodies, and not in salty sources. Scientists have paid attention to these facts and are looking for confirmation of them on other continents.
Main types of life
The main living environments include:
Each environment has its own characteristics and contains various organisms that live, reproduce and evolve.
Ground-air environment
This environment represents all the diversity of plant and animal life on Earth. The development of organic life on land allowed the emergence of soil. Then came the development of plants, forests, steppes, tundra and various animals adapting to different environments a habitat. As a result of further evolution organic world, life spread to all the upper shells of the Earth - the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere. All living things have evolved and adapted to sharp temperature fluctuations and different habitats. Warm-blooded and cold-blooded representatives of the animal fauna, a variety of birds and insects arose. IN ground-air environment plants have adapted to different conditions growth. Some like bright, warm areas, others grow in shade and humidity, and others survive in low temperatures. The diversity of this environment is represented by the diversity of life within it.
Water environment
Parallel to the development of the land-air environment, there was also the development of the aquatic world.
The aquatic environment is represented by all the bodies of water that exist on our planet, from oceans and seas to lakes and streams. 95% of the Earth's surface is aquatic.
Various giant inhabitants of the aquatic environment changed and adapted under the waves of evolution, adapted to the environment and took on the form that most increases the survival of populations. The sizes have decreased, the distribution areas of different types of their coexistence have been divided. The diversity of life in water surprises and delights. The temperature in the aquatic environment is not subject to such sharp fluctuations as in the land-air environment and even in the coldest bodies of water does not drop below +4 degrees Celsius. Not only fish and animals live in the water, the water also abounds in various algae. Only at great depths are they absent; where eternal night reigns, a completely different development of organisms takes place.
Soil habitat
Soil refers to the top layer of earth. Mixing different types of soil with rocks, the remains of living organisms, forms fertile soil. In this environment there is no light, in it live, or rather grow: seeds and spores of plants, roots of trees, shrubs, grasses. It also contains small algae. The earth is home to bacteria, animals and fungi. These are its main inhabitants.
Organism as a habitat
Symbiosis (living together) can also be added to organisms.
The symbiosis of plants and animals does not oppress the owner, but acts as a partner in life. Symbiotic relationships allow certain species of plants and animals to survive. Symbiosis is the gap between the union and fusion of organisms.