The front line allowing herds of collective farm workers to pass through is a problem. War and children. Front-line essay by Arkady Gaidar. Bogomolov's story "Ivan". IN. more cruel

War and children

Rear railroad station on the way to the front. Water tower. Two straight old poplars. A low brick station surrounded by thick acacia trees.

The military train stops. Two village children run up to the carriage with wallets in their hands.

Lieutenant Martynov asks:

– How much are currants?

The elder answers:

– We don’t take money from you, comrade commander.

The boy conscientiously fills the glass so that the currants spill onto the hot dust between the sleepers. He tips the glass into the pot he has placed, lifts his head and, listening to the distant roar, announces:

– Henkel is buzzing... Wow! Wow! Choked. Don't be afraid, Comrade Lieutenant, there are our fighters. There is no way for the Germans to cross the sky here.

He picks up his wallet and rushes on. His blond, barefoot brother, about seven years old, remains by the carriage. He listens intently to the distant drone of anti-aircraft guns and seriously explains:

– Axis! There's a thump there...

Lieutenant Martynov is interested in this message. He sits on the floor by the door and, dangling his legs outside, eating currants, asks:

– Hm! And what, lad, are people doing in that war?

– They shoot,” the boy explains, “they take a gun or cannon, point it... and bang!” And you're done.

– What's ready?

– That's what! – the boy exclaims with annoyance. “They point the trigger, they press it, and there will be death.”

– Death for whom - me? - And Martynov calmly pokes his finger into his chest.

– No way! – the boy, surprised by the commander’s lack of understanding, cries out sadly. - Some kind of evil has come, throwing bombs on huts, on barns. That's where the grandmother was killed, two cows were torn to pieces. “Why,” he mockingly shamed the lieutenant, “he’s got a revolver on, but he doesn’t know how to fight.”

Lieutenant Martynov is confused. The commanders around him laugh.

The locomotive blows its whistle.

The boy, the one who carried the currants, takes his angry brother by the hand and, walking towards the moving carriages, explains to him in a drawn-out and condescending manner:

– They know! They're joking! These are the kind of people who are coming... cheerful, desperate! One commander handed me a three-ruble note for a glass of currants while walking. Well, I ran and ran after the carriage. But still he stuck the piece of paper into the carriage.

– Here...” the boy nods his head approvingly. - What do you care? And there, during the war, let him buy kvass or sitra.

– What a fool! – the elder man says condescendingly, accelerating his pace and keeping level with the carriage. – Do they drink this during war? Don't cling to my side! Don't turn your head! This is our “I 16” - a fighter, and the German one hums heavily, with a break. The war is in its second month, and you don’t know your planes.

Combatant zone. Passing the herds of collective farm cattle, which go to the quiet pastures to the east, to the crossroads of the village, the car stops.

A boy of about fifteen jumps up on the step. He's asking for something. The cattle moo, a long whip cracks in the clouds of dust.

The engine rumbles, the driver honks his horn desperately, driving away the stupid beast, which will not turn over until it hits its forehead on the radiator. What does the boy need? We don't understand. Money? Of bread?

Then suddenly it turns out:

– Uncle, give me two cartridges.

– What do you need cartridges for?

– And so... for memory.

– They don't give you ammo for souvenirs.

I slip him a lattice shell from a hand grenade and a spent, shiny cartridge case.

The boy’s lips curl contemptuously:

– Here you go! What's the use of them?

– Oh, dear! So do you need a memory that you can use to make sense? Maybe I should give you this green bottle or this black egg-shaped grenade? Maybe you should unhook that small anti-tank gun from the tractor? Get into the car, don’t lie and say everything straight.

And so the story begins, full of secret omissions and subterfuges, although in general everything has long been clear to us.

A dense forest closed harshly around, deep ravines lay across the road, and marshy reed swamps spread out along the banks of the river. Fathers, uncles and older brothers are leaving to join the partisans. And he is still young, but dexterous and brave. He knows all the hollows, the last paths for forty kilometers in the area.

Fearing that they won’t believe him, he pulls out a Komsomol card wrapped in oilcloth from his bosom. And not having the right to say anything more, licking his cracked, dusty lips, he waits greedily and impatiently.

I look into his eyes. I put the clip in his hot hand. This is a clip from my rifle. It's written on me.

I take responsibility for the fact that each bullet fired from these five cartridges will fly exactly in the right direction.

– What is your name?

– Yakov.

– Listen, Yakov, why do you need cartridges if you don’t have a rifle? What, are you going to shoot from an empty can?

The truck starts moving. Yakov jumps off the step, he jumps up and cheerfully shouts something awkward, stupid. He laughs and mysteriously shakes his finger at me. Then, hitting the cow spinning around with his fist in the face, he disappears in a cloud of dust.

Oh, No! This guy will not put the clip in an empty container.

Children! The war fell on tens of thousands of them in the same way as on adults, if only because the fascist bombs dropped over peaceful cities have the same force for everyone.

Teenagers - boys and girls - experience the events of the Great Patriotic War acutely, often more acutely than adults.

They are greedy last point, listen to the messages of the Information Bureau, remember all the details of heroic deeds, write down the names of the heroes, their ranks, their surnames.

With boundless respect they see off the trains leaving for the front, and with boundless love they greet the wounded arriving from the front.

I saw our children deep in the rear, in the troubled front line, and even on the front line itself. And everywhere I saw their great thirst for business, work and even achievement.

Before the battle, I recently met a boy on the bank of a river.

While looking for a missing cow to shorten the route, he swam across the river and unexpectedly found himself among the Germans.

Hidden in the bushes, he sat three steps away from the fascist commanders, who were talking for a long time about something, holding a map in front of them.

He came back to us and told us what he had seen.

I asked him:

– Wait a minute! But you heard what their bosses said, this is very important for us.

The boy was surprised:

– Well, comrade commander, they spoke German!

– I know it's not in Turkish. How many classes have you completed? Nine? So you should have understood at least something from their conversation?

He threw up his hands sadly and sadly:

– Eh, comrade commander! If only I had known about this meeting earlier...

Years will pass. You will become adults. And then, in a good hour of rest after a lot of peaceful work, you will joyfully remember that once, in the terrible days for the Motherland, you did not dangle under your feet, did not sit idly by, but did what you could to help your country in its difficult and difficult times. a very important fight against human-hated fascism.

Active Army

At the leading edge

At the passage through a heavy barricade lined with rough planks, a policeman checked my pass to leave the besieged city.

He advised me to drive up to the front line in a passing car or cart, but I refused. It was a good day and the journey was not far. And besides, on the hills, mines were sometimes fired at cars. Spending a minute on a person walking alone is not a good idea. And if something happens, it is always easier for a person on foot to fall into a roadside ditch in time.

I walked past empty, abandoned houses with boarded up windows and closed gates. It was quiet. The rattle rattled, and hungry cats hunted for sparrows.

Through the gardens, among which rain-washed bomb-proof trenches were yellow, I went out onto the slope of the ravine and hooked my foot on the field wire. Having figured out the direction, I took a direct route along the wire, because I needed people.

Suddenly there was a blow. It seemed that he crashed right above the crest of my steel helmet. I quickly flew into an old crater, looked around carefully and saw nearby a camouflaged hillock of a bunker, from the dark crack of which protruded the barrel of a stocky cannon.

I went down to the bunker and, after saying hello, asked the senior sergeant what his people were doing now.

It is clear that before answering, the sergeant checked my pass and documents. I asked how life was in Moscow. Only after that was he ready to answer my questions.

But then in the distance, to the right, very frequent explosions were heard.

The telephone operator loudly asked the neighboring bunker through the telephone receiver:

– What do you have? Speak louder. Why are you talking so quietly? Ah, mines are exploding near you! And you think that if you speak loudly, they will be scared!

From such simple words smiles flashed in the quiet, wary bunker. Then a stern command was heard, and our cannon roared.

Her neighbors supported her. The enemies responded. They fired with 205 shells and long-range mines.

Mines... Much has already been written about them. They wrote that they roar, howl, hum, and snore. No! The sound of the mine in flight is thin and melodiously sad. The explosion is dry and sharp. And the squeal of flying fragments is like the meowing of a cat whose tail has suddenly been stepped on with a heavy boot.

The rough beams of the ceiling, fastened with iron staples, tremble. Dry earth pours through the cracks onto the shoulders and down the collar. The telephone operator hastily covers a bowl of buckwheat porridge with his helmet, without ceasing to shout loudly:

– Right, zero twenty-five shells! Now for sure! Rapid fire!

Five minutes later, the barrage of fire from both sides, as if cut off, falls silent.

Everyone's eyes are burning, their foreheads are wet, people are drinking from the neck of their flasks. The telephone operator asks neighbors what happened and where.

It turns out that one of them had a water tank knocked over by the air; the second had his regimental telephone wire cut off; the third case was worse: they pierced the gun shield through the embrasure with a shrapnel and wounded the best battery gunner in the shoulder; It dug up holes and craters around us, tore it to shreds and carried away, probably behind a cloud, one wet boot, hung by the Red Army soldier Konoplev from a tree under the sun to dry.

– “You are not a miner, but a crow,” the sergeant grumbles reproachfully at the Red Army soldier Konoplev, who stared thoughtfully and perplexedly at the surviving boot. “Now is war time.” You had to take some string and make a connection from here to the boot. Then, just a little, he pulled and pulled his boot out of the firing range and into the shelter. And now you have no view. Secondly, a Red Army soldier wearing only his left boot does not represent any combat value. You take your boot in your hands, take it, as a fact, to the foreman and explain to him your sad situation.

While everyone turned around and listened with curiosity to these teachings, someone entered through the bunker door. At first they didn’t pay attention to the one who came in: they thought it was someone from the gun crew. Then they realized it. The sergeant came up to give his report to the chief.

By some single, subtle movement, it became clear to me that this man was respected and deeply loved here.

The faces began to smile. People hastily straightened their belts and straightened their tunics. And the Red Army soldier Konoplev quickly hid his bare foot behind empty boxes from under the shells.

It was Senior Lieutenant Myasnikov, battalion commander.

We walked with him along the reserve line of defense, where the Red Army soldiers - mostly Donetsk miners - unanimously and skillfully dug communication passages and full-profile trenches.

Each of these fighters is an engineer, armed with an axe, pickaxe and shovel. They build tangled labyrinths, shelters, nests, dugouts, and embrasures under fire quickly, skillfully and firmly. These are experienced, courageous and resourceful people. A Red Army soldier came out from behind the bushes along the ravine to meet us. The commander's presence puzzles him for a moment.

I see that the commander frowned, probably saw some kind of disorder and will now reprimand the Red Army soldier. But he, without being confused, goes straight towards him. He is cheerful, strong, broad-shouldered.

Approaching five to seven meters, he switches to the statutory, “printed” step, puts his hand to his cap and, raising his head, solemnly and bravely walks by.

The commander stops and laughs.

– Well, fighter! Well done! - he bursts out in admiration, looking towards the soldier hiding in the trench.

And he answers my perplexed question:

– He (the fighter) was wearing a cap, and not a helmet, as expected. I noticed the commander, there was nowhere to go. He knows that I love poise and discipline. To hush up the matter, he rushed past me, as if on a parade. Miners! – the commander exclaimed with love. - Experienced and smart people. Send me to another unit, and I will go to headquarters and cry about my miners.

We make our way to the front line. At one of the turns, the commander caught his raincoat on the handle of a shovel. Something flashed very brightly under the lapel of his cloak. On the first ledge, I carefully, squinting my eyes, looked down at the chest of the commander’s tunic.

Oh, here's the thing: there's a Golden Star burning under the cloak. He, lieutenant, is a Hero of the Soviet Union.

But now we are already at the very forefront. There is no fight. The enemy here ran into a solid wall. But beware! Here, at the top, everything is shot through by both the enemy and us. Well-hidden snipers rule here. Here, narrow as a sting, the DS machine gun can fire from seven hundred to a thousand bullets through the embrasure at one point from one barrel in one minute.

Here, on the outskirts of the city, more than one fascist regiment ingloriously laid down its drunken heads. Here the entire ninety-fifth German division was completely destroyed.

Single shooting in progress. Through the narrow gap the camouflaged rampart of the enemy trenches is already clearly visible. Something moved over the hill, shied away and disappeared under the shot.

Dark force! Are you here! You're near! Behind us stands a bright, big city. And you look at me from your black holes with your greedy colorless eyes.

Go! Come on! And accept death from these heavy miner’s hands. Here from this tall, calm man with his brave heart, burning like a golden star.

Active Army

Rockets and grenades

Ten scouts, under the command of the young sergeant Lyapunov, descend along a steep path to a river ford. The soldiers are in a hurry. It’s getting dark, and we need to have one last smoke break for the night in an abandoned shepherd’s hut, near which the field guard of the outpost is located and dug in.

While ten people lying down - head to head - are greedily inhaling strong tobacco smoke, the intelligence chief, young Sergeant Lyapunov, warns the equally young guard commander, Sergeant Burykin:

– Let's go back, so I won't shout the pass to you, dear, from the other side. And don’t you dare open fire on me about this. I'll send a fighter forward. You shout to him from the shore to the water quietly. He will come and then he will say.

– “I know,” Burykin answers importantly. - The science is simple.

– That's it, simple! And yesterday the sentry shouted so loudly that the enemy could hear. What's on the other side? Quiet?

– Two missiles like that in the direction. Then two shots,” explains Burykin. - Sometimes the wind blows and something rumbles. Yes! Then a reconnaissance plane arrived. He spun, circled, and over there, the bastard, disappeared.

– The airplane is a predator of the sky,” says Sergeant Lyapunov gravely, “and our job is to roam the ground, through the grass and through the forest.” Well! – he turns sternly. - What, did you have a smoke break? And what a dream I have - this is a non-smoking intelligence service, and they cannot live without a tobacco nipple.

Hanging bandoliers around their necks, holding rifles and grenades above the water, the dark chain crosses the river.

The bright dial of the compass on the sergeant’s hand flickers with a bluish light above the waves.

Having reached the forest edge, the sergeant unfastens the luminous compass, hides it in his pocket, and the silent reconnaissance disappears into the thicket. The reconnaissance core moves along a forest path. Two people in front, two on the left and two on the right. Every ten minutes, without a watch, without a command, the reconnaissance stops on instinct. Pressing their butts into the ground, kneeling down, holding their breath, people listen intently to the night sounds and rustles.

Chu! Somewhere a rooster that had not yet been devoured by the Germans crowed.

Then something in the distance hummed and clinked, as if two empty carriages had bumped into each other with their buffers.

But something began to rattle. This is the motor. There are motorcyclists roaming around here somewhere. They must be found at all costs.

Red Army soldier Melchakov emerges from the darkness and, out of breath, reports:

– Comrade Sergeant, on the hill, across the road, under your feet there is a wire.

The sergeant walks forward. He feels the wire with his hand and wonders: should he follow the wire to the left or to the right? But it turns out that on the left the wire goes into a muddy swamp. The foot gets stuck, and the boot has difficulty getting out of the sticky mud. To the right the same.

Melchakov approaches the sergeant, takes out a knife and offers:

– Allow me, Comrade Sergeant, I'll cut the wire.

Sergeant Melchakov stops. He frowns, then grabs the wire, wraps it around the bayonet sheath and pulls hard. The wire is supplied. Something is chomping in the swamp. And then a heavy stone crawls onto the road.

The sergeant is triumphant. Yeah, that means the wire is fake. And so it is, at the other end of the wire a piece of iron spring is tied and thrown into the sedge.

– “I’ll cut it, I’ll cut it”! – Sergeant Melchakov imitates. - “Comrade Sergeant, I report that the telephone connection between two battalions of swamp frogs has been destroyed.” You, Melchakov, are in a hurry to do everything. Walk straight. Search. There is a real wire somewhere nearby.

The snorting of the engine is heard again ahead. The reconnaissance moves crawling along the sandy edge. From here you can see the silhouette of a hut behind the bushes. The hut has a fence. Behind the fence there is an unclear noise.

The sergeant orders in a whisper:

– Prepare grenades. Crawl to the fence. I go forward with three on the right. Throw grenades exactly in the direction where I will give a shallow blow with a red rocket.

Preparing grenades means: click - cocking, click - safety, click - and the primer is in place.

And here it is, hidden fire, ready to explode, lying near the chest, right at the heart.

A minute passes, then another, five, ten. There is no rocket. Finally Sergeant Lyapunov appears and orders:

– Unload the grenades. The house is abandoned. It is a wounded horse struggling in the yard, near the barn. Get up quickly. Let's take a left. Do you hear? The Germans are somewhere here, behind the hill.

Melchakov approaches the sergeant. He hesitates and right hand, clenched with a fist, he holds it strangely away.

– Comrade Sergeant,” he says, embarrassed, “I have a grenade - not a “bottle”, but an “F 1”, “lemon”. And here is the sad result.

– What result? What are you muttering?

– She, Comrade Sergeant, is on alert.

Instantly, instinctively, everyone shies away from Melchakov.

– Chemist! – the puzzled sergeant exclaims in desperate whispers. - So have you... already pulled the pin?

– Yes, comrade commander. I thought: now there will be a rocket, and I will immediately throw it.

– “I’ll give it up, I’ll give it up”! – the sergeant snaps. “Well, now hold it in your fist and don’t unclench your hands until dawn.”

Melchakov's position is unenviable. He hurried, and the grenade's firing pin is now held only by a clamp clamped in his palm. You cannot insert the fuse without lighting the fire. You can’t throw a grenade into the forest or into a swamp - all reconnaissance will be disrupted. The soldiers scold Melchakov as they walk:

– Where are you going, guy, huddling with people? You go sideways or sideways.

– Where is he going? Let him go along the path where it is smoother, otherwise he will get caught on a root and make a noise.

– Don't wave, not at the parade. You hold it, the grenade, with both hands.

In the end, the offended Melchakov’s rifle is taken away and he is sent forward with a grenade as the lead patrol.

A few minutes later, the reconnaissance core finds him sitting on the edge of the road.

– What are you doing?

– There’s a wire under my foot,” Melchakov says gloomily.

Intelligence is on the wire. Suddenly the sound of engines is heard very close by. The fire flashed and went out. Ahead, near the collective farm barns, there is noise and movement. The sergeant, followed by all the reconnaissance, fall flat to the ground and crawl away from the road, on which there is probably a guard station nearby. The reconnaissance crawls two hundred meters for about forty minutes. Then he lies motionless for a long time, listening to the noise, crackling and sounds of an unfamiliar language. The sergeant pulls Melchakov by the heel and shows him a loaded rocket launcher. Melchakov silently and understandingly nods his head. The sergeant crawls away.

Again one, another, long minutes. Suddenly, a rocket thrown by the sergeant flashes like a red snake, showing the direction.

Melchakov jumps up and, with all his strength, throws his grenade through the roof of the barn.

There is thunder, then a howl, then the deafening crack of engines merges with the crack of German machine guns. The scouts open fire.

The thatched roof of the barn catches fire. Light. Enemies are visible. That’s right – this is a motorcycle company.

But then heavy machine guns get involved in the stupid crackle of machine guns.

Having cut the wire in several places, the reconnaissance team leaves.

The shooting from behind does not stop. Now it will continue until dawn.

Dark. Far on the other side, of course, the company commander woke up. He hears this fire and is now thinking about his reconnaissance.

And his scouts walk through the forest together and quickly. They no longer angrily scold the long-legged Melchakov. They impatiently feel their pockets with shag.

And so that even across the river, in a hut, he would give them plenty to smoke, they unanimously and loudly praise their young sergeant.

Active Army

What is war? In my opinion, war is the most terrible event that can happen to humanity. It claimed millions of lives. The war spared neither adults nor children. Not only fathers and uncles took part in it, but also teenagers who wanted to bring their country closer to victory over fascism. This is exactly what Arkady Petrovich Gaidar thinks about and poses the problem of the role of children in war.

He begs the soldier for ammunition to help destroy the enemy. The brave boy, seeing his older brothers and uncles joining the partisans, does not want to sit idly by. The soldier trusts him with the clip from his rifle. He is confident that these bullets will fly in the right direction. This is stated in sentences 22-26.

The children experienced the events of the Great Patriotic War very acutely. They helped deep in the rear, in the front line, and even on the front line itself. Wherever the children found themselves, they had a great thirst for action and achievement.

Through these examples we can see that during the war, children had to grow up early and stand up, along with adults, in defense of the Fatherland. This war was so cruel and merciless.

Thus, we can say that the role of children during the Great Patriotic War was enormous. The teenagers brought the country closer to a great victory with their exploits. We must remember them and try to create peace throughout the world.

Updated: 2019-02-23

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The collection contains articles by participants of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference “Front, rear, science: the contribution of regions to the Victory”, held in Kazan on May 18, 2015.

The task was to quickly move enterprises from front line to the rear and accelerated entry<...>Trains with evacuated population from the front line began to arrive in Aktyubinsk already at the beginning<...>stripes."<...>The evacuated population from the front line continued to arrive in 1942. July 11, 1942<...>a resolution was adopted “On the reception and accommodation of evacuated population arriving from the front line

Preview: Front, rear, science, the contribution of the regions to the Victory, collection of articles of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference (Kazan, May 18, 2015).pdf (0.9 Mb)

Planning for new spring-summer operations on the Voronezh front began at the end of March 1943. On March 27 and 31, orders were given by F.I. Golikov and N.F. Vatutin, who replaced him as front commander, laying the foundations for the plan and preparation of defense in the south of Kursk arcs

defense", that is, in about a month (by April 25) build five defensive lines on the front territory<...>The result of this joint analysis of representatives of the central and front-line leadership was the following:<...>SOCIOLOGY, 2007, No. 1 of the enemy, but now (based on front-line intelligence data) “approximately<...>The revised May plan for the combat use of front-line aviation was first approved by N.F.<...>SOCIOLOGY, 2007, No. 1 operations in the zone of this front during June.

The article is based on information collected and systematized by M.Yu. Bykov in the reference book “Aces of the Great Patriotic War. The most successful pilots of 1941–1945." 2007, about 1,114 Soviet Air Force fighter pilots who participated in the Great Patriotic War. This elite group is analyzed from the perspective of participation in hostilities and the number of fascist planes shot down. The types of domestic fighters and those received from the allies under Lend-Lease are established, and the number of downed fascist aircraft is analyzed. All those named in the source were born in the first quarter of the twentieth century. and were under 40 years of age during the war. Their contribution to gaining air superiority amounted to 23,974 individually and 3,315 collectively shot down enemy aircraft, a total of 27,289 combat vehicles (24.5 for each), or 48% of the total number destroyed on the Soviet-German front. Domestic production became the material basis for the Soviet Air Force to gain air supremacy; A small part of the aircraft on which Soviet aces fought (2%) were fighters received under Lend-Lease.

After a successful flight, “Klubov’s plane touched the dirt runway and ran along it<...>Under the influence of a crosswind, the plane almost imperceptibly began to veer to the right and rolled out of the runway.<...>It was a little away from the runway, on the right, hidden by grass.<...>In 1942, graduates and instructors of flight schools joined the front-line fighter regiments.<...>Apparently, this was facilitated by the everyday environment of fighter pilots at the front.

The Su-7 aircraft, which was in service with the USSR Air Force, is a typical representative of tactical aircraft of its time. Being built at the beginning " cold war"as a fighter, it evolved into a fighter-bomber and nuclear weapons carrier. The Su-7 was constantly improved, its combat capabilities expanded, and its flight characteristics improved, which allowed the aircraft to become a fairly successful commercial project and remain in service with many countries for quite a long time. Its robust and reliable design became the basis for the development of many interesting projects, one of which was the aircraft with variable sweep wings - the Su-17

The situation in the front-line aviation of the USSR played in Sukhoi's favor.<...>The Mikoyan Design Bureau fielded its new front-line fighter MiG-19 against them.<...>another high-speed run is planned with an approach, release of a braking parachute and a stop at the end of the runway<...>I gave the engine full speed, accelerated the plane to take-off speed, and lifted the plane off the runway.<...>I immediately reduced the speed, but immediately determined that there was not enough landing strip and the plane would be crashed

No. 10 [Military Thought, 2009]

The oldest and main military theoretical publication of the Ministry of Defense Russian Federation. It dates back to 1858, when, on the initiative of Professor of the Imperial Military Academy D.A. Milyutin founded the magazine “Military Collection”. Its pages reflected problems of military policy, military art and other issues of military affairs. After the October Revolution, in 1918, a military scientific journal called “Military Affairs” was published. This date is officially recognized as the founding day of “Military Thought”, although it received this name only on January 1, 1937 (after “Military Affairs” the magazine was called “Military Science and Revolution”, “Military Thought and Revolution”, “War and Revolution”) . The magazine is intended for senior and senior command staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, specialists from research institutions of the RF Ministry of Defense, teaching staff and student officers of military academies, universities and institutes, and managers of defense industry enterprises. Currently, the journal analyzes the experience of conducting military operations in wars and armed conflicts of the 20th and 21st centuries. on the most important issues of strategy and operational art and determining the possible nature of future wars. In addition, “Military Thought” covers the methodologies military science, special branches of knowledge of social, natural and technical sciences and their defense aspects. The magazine also informs about the main directions of weapons development, military equipment and military-technical cooperation.

So, the depth of the front offensive operations increased to 300-400 km, army - to 150-200 km.<...>The defense of front-line and army formations continued to be divided into tactical and operational zones.<...>It included the main and second defense lines, as well as cut-off lines located between them, anti-tank<...>and front (two or three) defensive lines with defense building elements located between them<...>divisions, front lines - the second echelon of the front (mechanized army) and separate reserve corps

Preview: Military thought No. 10 2009.pdf (12.1 Mb)

If in May about 2.5 thousand Luftwaffe flights were recorded in the Voronezh Front zone, then<...>Of the 3 thousand Luftwaffe sorties in the Voronezh Front, about 600 were carried out at night

The sentry has been removed. On the obstacle course. There are no barriers for paratroopers...<...>Front-line experience in organizing interaction is a complex and multifaceted process.<...>Losing the offensive lane layout somehow fills this gap.<...>In each it was planned to create not one, but two fortified strips.<...>Procurement was carried out by both front-line, army, and military supply agencies.

Preview: Army collection No. 8 2008.pdf (2.0 Mb)

Alexander Osipovich Lukyanov, a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, an honorably retired judge who worked for more than 36 years in Kandalaksha, told us about the years of his childhood and youth, terrible military trials and his professional development. district court Murmansk region, 24 years of which he was its chairman Alexander Osipovich was awarded the Order of the Red Star, the Order of the Patriotic War, military and anniversary medals. He was the first in the Murmansk region to be awarded the high title “Honored Lawyer of the RSFSR.” On April 23, 2008 he was awarded the title " Honorable Sir city of Kandalaksha.

We rhythmically and imperceptibly tried to get closer to the front line of the village of Voznesenye, did several

The article presents the results of a study of the spatio-temporal patterns of irretrievable losses of the USSR Armed Forces during the Great Patriotic War. A precise division into front-line and state is given irrecoverable losses. The relationship between types of campaigns and periods of war, on the one hand, and lethal and non-lethal losses, on the other, is shown.

A precise division into front-line and state irretrievable losses is given.<...>In 1944, there were 23.3% of lethal and 3.8% of illegal front-line losses in the Second World War.<...>The fifth stage accounted for 10.8% of lethal and 1.5% of non-lethal front-line losses in the Second World War.<...>The southwestern direction includes the northern and middle stripes of Ukraine, Belgorod region, districts<...>They accounted for 6.7% of lethal and 7.5% of non-lethal frontline losses.

In memory of the departed and for the glory of the living. Chronicle of events: June 22, 1941 - May 9, 1945

Public Library (now Russian National Library) during the Great Patriotic War - this publication is devoted to this topic. The history of the country, city, library is reflected in the chronicle of events from June 1941 to May 1945.

<...> <...> <...> <...>

Preview: In memory of the departed and for the glory of the living. Chronicle of events June 22, 1941 - May 9, 1945.pdf (0.4 Mb)

No. 10 [Aviation collection, 2017]

flight and the possibility of being based at advanced airfields in Europe with short runways<...>differed by the refusal of vertical take-off and landing, replaced by shortened ones when operating from unpaved strips<...>There were about 2 km left to the landing strip, the crew managed to safely reduce the speed to a complete stop<...>The black stripe on the nose and white radar radome were consistent with other vehicles.<...>The black anti-glare stripes remain.

Preview: Aviation collection No. 10 2017.pdf (0.6 Mb)

No. 14 [Russian newspaper - Week. Far East, 2015]

National socio-political newspaper

Their front-line romance lasted thirty-three years - until the death of Olga Ilyinichna. - We are chaste<...>Pyotr Blazhko is convinced that his youth at the front is to blame for this. - You see, war does not tolerate scoundrels.<...>Front-line brigades and shifts were created whose working day lasted 16 hours.<...>railroad soldiers, together with employees of special forces, did everything to ensure that traffic in the front line<...>During the war, freight locomotives of the "Em" series carried out the bulk of freight traffic both in the front line

Preview: Russian newspaper - Week. Far East No. 14 2015.pdf (0.9 Mb)

The article, based on archival documents, examines the issues of providing the Red Army with fuel during preparation (1944) for a decisive offensive on the main direction

To store such valuable materials, mobile tanks of the army and front-line field were used.<...>and six army (8.3 thousand m3), 1st Belorussian - five front-line and nine army (34.3 thousand m3)3<...>A front-line task force was assigned to assist the armies with supplies.<...>On July 10, the front-line warehouse began operating at the Krasny Bereg station.<...>when individual military units found themselves cut off from supply bases by the enemy or fell into a zone

In memory of the departed and for the glory of the living. Letters from readers from the front. Diaries and memoirs of employees of the Public Library. 1941-1945.

The public library (now the Russian National Library) and its readers during the Great Patriotic War - this publication is devoted to this topic. The history of the country, city, and library is reflected in letters, front-line memoirs, chronicles of the life and activities of library employees.

1941-1945 St. Petersburg 1995 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Book-Service Agency FROM LETTERS FROM FRONT-LINES<...>Letters from the war years, the text of which was written on paper in the difficult conditions of the front-line situation, blockade,<...>stripes, but the front letters speak for themselves).<...>Greetings from the front. A. N. Barkov, N. M. Sholokhov, N. L. Loitsker. April 7, 1943<...>Greetings from the front. A. Shirma. 3.XI.43 Field mail 37576-A (37).

Preview: In memory of the departed and for the glory of the living. Letters from readers from the front. Diaries and memoirs of employees of the Public Library. 1941-1945. .pdf (0.4 Mb)

The press in modern armed conflicts: theory and discursive practice. allowance

Publishing house Ural University

The manual examines the theoretical and practical aspects of recent armed conflict journalism. Special attention focuses on the experience of military reporters representing well-known Russian media, the techniques and skills of receiving, processing and transmitting information for publishing in combat conditions, ensuring the personal safety of the journalist.

<...>Front-line journalism as a profession.<...>Another important task of journalists working on the front line and in the front line is the search for heroes<...>Front-line journalism as a profession.<...>Front-line journalism as a profession.

Preview: The press in modern armed conflicts theory and discursive practice.pdf (0.2 Mb)

The article, based on archival, memoir and other documentary sources, analyzes the organization of military intelligence and the directions for its improvement during the Great Patriotic War.

The reconnaissance detachments carried out their tasks in a zone of 3-8 km and at a distance of 20-30 km from the main forces.<...>Analysis of front-line experience allows us to identify the following ways to improve reconnaissance in force during the war:<...>near Stalingrad - in the zone of five armies, and in the Belarusian operation - in the zone of eleven armies at the front<...>In fact, reconnaissance in force in the final period of the war was one of the stages of an army or front-line offensive<...>Behind these numbers are deadly dangerous front-line labor, military valor, courage and heroic deeds.

Literary and musical composition dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War

Musical inserts: “Song of front-line correspondents.” Poems by K. Simonov, music. M.<...>Next to the table is an artificial birch tree with a piece of front-line newspaper attached to it.<...>“Song of Frontline Correspondents” is performed. Poems by K. Simonov, music. M. Blanter. 5.<...>rains of leaflets from the airplane hatch, permeated the radio airwaves and tried to fit on the newspaper page<...>Since 1942, the poem has been published chapter by chapter in central and front-line newspapers.

Front-line (tactical) aviation unites the largest group of combat aviation systems. Considering the high technical risks during their development and operation, the issues of optimizing the composition of the aircraft fleet of front-line aviation around the world are given paramount attention. For example, to more thoroughly consider this issue, the US Congress plans to create a special Commission to determine the structure of the Air Force. Throughout the series recent years The discussion about the composition of the front-line aviation fleet of the Russian Air Force and among domestic aviation specialists continues. In this case, as a rule, only two main options for grouping multi-role fighter aircraft (MFA) are considered - a two-aircraft fleet of “heavy” multi-role fighter aircraft (MFI) and “light” multi-role fighter aircraft (LFF) and a single-aircraft fleet - only from MFI.

WHAT WILL PROTECT OUR SKY FROM “PREDATORS” An approach to choosing a rational appearance for a front-line aircraft and<...>Over the past few years, there has been an ongoing debate about the composition of the front-line aviation fleet.<...>The main types of promising front-line (tactical aviation) aircraft are presented in Table. 1.<...>Front-line aviation should also include interceptors and attack aircraft.<...>Radars include, for example: covert emission of low-energy probing pulses in a wide band

An excerpt from the memoirs “That’s all... I’m writing to you from the station.”

Konstantin Zaslonov’s detachment often fought behind enemy lines, behind the front line and constantly met with

For almost 15 years now, the front lines of world news have been firmly occupied by news from the fronts of the “global war on terrorism,” as they call what began after the mysterious attacks on the New York Twin Towers of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon building in Washington. This war is going on in many regions of the world, but its epicenter remains the Middle East, which has long forgotten what a peaceful life is. It was Islamic terrorists who were held responsible for the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, which were used as a “casus belli” - a reason for war.

The basis of the air group was made up of front-line bombers - about 30 relatively old Su-24M manufactured in 1980<...>To support operations, additional front-line aviation forces were allocated - four Su-<...>27SM and eight Su-34 front-line bombers, which can also be used for escort<...>For operations in Syria, this airfield has a very long runway, wide taxiways<...>Although its reconstruction and the construction of the 2nd runway were announced on July 10, 2015

Constant

“General Vatutin: the mystery of death” is the first historical study of the circumstances of the death of the outstanding commander of the Great Patriotic War, Army General N.F. Vatutina. The book presents the whole truth without retouching about the events of the bandit attack and the wounding of the military leader.

and murders, sometimes seriously threatening our military rear, and actively collaborated with the occupiers at the front<...>stripe.<...>A large gang roaming freely in the frontline zone is a serious omission in the work<...>strip" (Vasilevsky A.M.<...>a day has been set when he can officially resume his previous duties and return to the front line

No. 9 [Aviation collection, 2016]

Supplement to the magazine “Modelist-Constructor”, published since July 2003. A specialized magazine for fans of aviation history and aircraft modellers. Each issue is a mini-monograph about domestic or foreign aircraft designs. Each issue contains information about the history of the creation of an airplane or helicopter, its mass production, modifications, operation, combat use and painting. A brief technical description and drawings of the machine are provided. As well as a large number of photographs, including photographs of components and assemblies. TRANSFER OF SUBSCRIBER NUMBERS IS CARRIED OUT WITH A DELAY OF 12 MONTHS!!!

km at altitudes of 100, 5000 and 10,000 m, respectively), and the LFSV-45 headlight made it possible to land on the runway<...>The aircraft had a flight range sufficient for a front-line jet fighter.<...>The tests revealed longitudinal swaying of the car when driving along the lane.<...>Under it there was a support that protected the lower part of the fuselage in case it touched the runway during takeoff.<...>The Yak-23UTI/II was distinguished by a black anti-glare stripe in front of the cockpit visor and a colored “cap” on the vertical

Preview: Aviation collection No. 9 2016.pdf (0.6 Mb)

The article, based on American and Japanese archival documents, reveals the activities of the decryption authorities of Germany, Finland and Japan against the USSR in 1921-1945.

information on the redeployment of small units, aircraft accidents, and the condition of runways<...>Therefore, cryptographers from the front-line radio intelligence units were involved in deciphering this system.<...>considered the main achievements of the Wehrmacht in this area to be regular monitoring of deployments in the front line<...>results, since Japan did not have a continental network of radio interception stations in the strip bordering the USSR<...>Secondly, more stable five-digit one-time ciphers of the front and army command and control levels,

No. 5 (251) [Army collection, 2015]

Monthly illustrated military-technical and practical-methodological magazine. On its pages there is objective information about the construction of the Russian Armed Forces, combat and special training of troops, as well as about their logistics and technical support. The object of journalistic attention is the types of Armed Forces and types of troops, covering the spheres of earth, air, and space. The publication was established by the Russian Ministry of Defense and is its publication. The magazine has been published since July 1994. Its pre-revolutionary predecessor is the “Military Collection”, published in Russia since 1858 and closed after the Bolsheviks came to power. These publications are similar in their thoroughness in analyzing the state of the country's Armed Forces, as well as their focus on in-depth and objective research on military topics. The modern “Army Collection” was created on the basis of two central (“Equipment and Armament” and “Military-Economic Journal”) and three specific journals (“Aviation and Cosmonautics”, “Military Bulletin”, “Vestnik” air defense"). It is aimed at military professionals and those involved in personnel training at military universities, scientific research at national research universities and design bureaus, as well as those working in the defense industry. The main issues covered are an analysis of the implementation of state policy in the field of military development, problems of reforming the Armed Forces, improving the command and control system, combat and mobilization training, as well as staffing and training, technical, logistics and other types of support. The priority topics of the journal are revealing the features of the theory and practice of modern combined arms combat, the organization of combat training of types of armed forces and branches of the military, taking into account the experience of wars and local conflicts. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the problems of combat training of formations and units of constant readiness, and the features of peacekeeping activities. The magazine has gained well-deserved authority among its target audience and successfully implements the functions unique to it in the corresponding problem-thematic field. Editor-in-Chief - V.M. Prilutsky.

By the way, the front-line fate of a sapper is not the easiest. The rifle regiment is advancing.<...>This is the fate of a sapper at the front.<...>These are just a few episodes from the front-line biography of intelligence officer Pavel Grigorievich Skachko.<...>An essay about the front-line memories of her grandparents was written by a 3rd year student of the National<...>Operations of army groups in 1944–1945. were carried out in a range of 100–200 km.

Preview: Army collection No. 5 (251) 2015.pdf (0.2 Mb)

Plotting a war against the USSR as a decisive stage on the way to the creation of a “German territorial-ethnic monolith” from the Atlantic to Siberia, “purified” of “subhumans” of Slavic and Turkic-Mongol origin and as a prerequisite for the conquest of the world, the rulers Hitler's Germany closely monitored what was happening in the USSR, taking into account the factors of its strength and weakness. The military campaign plan (“Barbarossa”) viewed the USSR as “an artificial and loose unification of a huge number of nations,” as a kind of “ethnic conglomerate devoid of internal unity” and therefore incapable of long-term and persistent resistance.

Front-line and labor brotherhood / 155 NEVA 10’2015 Kazakhstani.<...>Even taking into account the placement in the republic of approximately 1.5 million residents of the front line and repressed<...>Ust-Kamenogorsk, and two (Dzhambulskaya 105th and Akmola 106th Kazakh national) in the front line<...>Front-line and labor brotherhood / 157 NEVA 10’2015 Baktoraz Beysekbaev.<...>Front-line and labor brotherhood / 163 NEVA 10’2015 millions of corpses.

No. 10 [Military history magazine, 2013]

Monthly popular science publication of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. It covers current problems of domestic and foreign military history, the military policy of the Russian state at all stages of its formation and development, historical experience in ensuring national security, the history of the development of military science and technology, the activities of outstanding Russian and Soviet commanders and naval commanders, as well as many other aspects of military history and science. The magazine's readers are professional historians, specialists from research institutions, teaching staff, officers and cadets. military educational institutions, veterans of the Great Patriotic War and the Armed Forces, as well as all those who are interested military history. The publication will also be of interest to the younger generation, as it contains a section “Youth Military History Magazine”. In addition to articles, it publishes cryptograms, chainwords and crosswords on military-historical topics. The authors of the publication are three candidates of science, one honored cultural worker of Russia, as well as military specialists and historians. This guarantees a high professional level of content of the magazine, consisting of such headings as “Military Symbols”, “Military Heraldic Work”, “Family Archive”, “Symbols” Russian Empire", "Through the pages of rare publications", "Bookshelf of a military historian", "Criticism and bibliography", " Memorable dates"and others. In addition, the journal publishes information about the results historical research, and also reports on thematic exhibitions and displays held by archives and museums. “Military Historical Magazine” has been published from August 1939 to the present with some interruption: its publication was temporarily stopped with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War and resumed in 1959. Four years ago, a special application of the magazine appeared on the Internet - “Military Historical magazine. Internet application". Its main task is the publication of articles, documents and scientific research that cannot be published in a printed publication due to the limited volume of the journal - 80 pages and 8 color pages. Currently, the publication actively cooperates with educational institutions, and also organizes on-site and correspondence reading conferences, seminars and round tables.

The functions of the OPV were to organize reception points in the front line, maintain contact with headquarters<...>camps located 100–120 km from the front line.<...>network - the front department of the UPVI NKVD of the USSR.<...>Former German camps for prisoners of war.<...>–228. 15 Order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 00398 on the removal of prisoners of war from camps and reception centers near the front line

Preview: Military History Magazine No. 10 2013.pdf (1.0 Mb)

The article analyzes the preparation of the Second (2nd) Air Army of the Voronezh Front for Battle of Kursk, the main directions of this training are highlighted and discussed. Based on archival documents and memories, the results of training and combat operations of the Voronezh Front aviation during the preparatory period are shown, conclusions are drawn about its role in the victory at Kursk

An important contribution to its achievement was made by front-line aviation, including the Second Air Army (hereinafter - 2-<...>The preparation of front-line aviation for the upcoming battles was comprehensive.<...>only by the April-May period, while during June forecasting the intentions of the German command in the zone<...>Stalin noted on May 16 that he had identified a number of shortcomings in planning the actions of front-line aviation, above

In March 1943, 2,335 overflights of German aviation were observed in the Voronezh Front zone<...>1st Nbad, 294th and 302nd IAD on Yak-7b and La-5 fighter aircraft, 1st GBAD and 293rd BAD, armed with front-line<...>At the same time, front-line aviation, the 2nd Air Army, was replenished with aircraft and received 3 reinforcements<...>Seversky Donets (near Belgorod) front-line aviation prevented the transfer of reinforcements for the German<...>This allowed the front-line command to correctly assess the enemy’s intentions and take action in advance.

Stanislav Rudolfovich Saprykin was born in 1969 in Simferopol. A historian by profession (graduated from Simferopol State University in 1997), reserve fighter pilot. In the late 80s - early 90s he was published in the Crimean Pravda newspaper. Several poems were published in the literary almanac "Pegasus". Currently an entrepreneur. Lives in Crimea in Simferopol and Alushta.

We started with a takeoff run along the runway and a jump, when the plane, having barely taken off, returns to the ground at will<...>There are not enough pilots in the front-line units who have mastered the Yaks; they need the help of those who have flown.<...>I give full throttle and, holding the Seagull from turning, I begin to move along the lane.<...>I taxi from the runway like a snake and see two planes appear over the airfield, are they really Finns or Germans?<...>I enter the runway and at an altitude of two hundred meters I release the landing light. Crap!

I am writing solely from memory... Commanders of the Red Army about the catastrophe of the first days of the Great Patriotic War: In 2 volumes. Volume 2.

M.: Russian Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Science

Attempts to understand the reasons for the catastrophic defeat of the Red Army in the summer of 1941 were repeatedly made by Soviet and Russian historiographers. However, the research was complicated by the fact that most of documents of border divisions, armies and military districts were lost during the fighting. In 1949–1957 The Military Scientific Directorate of the General Staff of the Soviet Army addressed questions about the beginning of the war to the commanders who took part in the first battle on the border. Participants in the events answered the questions posed based solely on memory, without using documentary sources. These materials published in this publication are for a long time remained in secret storage. Today these documents can be considered one of the most important sources on the initial period of the Great Patriotic War.

Later mobilization of front-line and army communications troops.<...>The area is in the 164th division along the river.<...>Kyiv, and receiving from the front-line communications warehouse.<...>The front commanders were ordered to withdraw 8 MKs to the front reserve in the city.<...>Svolny and brought 98th divisions into the zone, although there was no general improvement in the situation in the army zone

Preview: I am writing solely from memory... Commanders of the Red Army about the disaster of the first days of the Great Patriotic War In 2 volumes. Volume 2..pdf (0.2 Mb)

The past 2014 was a victorious year for the photo school “ZooM” of the Central Children’s Center of the Sovetsky district of Novosibirsk: its student Anita Smirnova (age group from 15 to 17 years) won first place in the competition of the All-Russian photo festival “Youth of Russia - 2014”. The work of another student of the photography school, Olesya Sokolova, was presented at a photo exhibition, where the 150 best were selected from more than 5,000 works submitted to the competition from 637 authors. The organizers of this authoritative competition were the Union of Russian Photographers and the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation

Education and additional education V Novosibirsk region No. 2 April-June 201558 Life is like a series of stripes<...>Her photograph “Life is like a series of stripes”, taken during a specially organized summer trip to<...>One carriage - unique information sources from the funds of the Novosibirsk Museum of Local Lore: front-line<...>Novosibirsk and the Novosibirsk region, it was crowded, fun, a brass band was playing, songs of front-line soldiers were playing

A retrospective analysis of the process of evolution of organizational structures of troops responsible for armed struggle in air (aerospace) space was carried out. The reasons have been established that had a significant impact on the development of forms of organization of associations of the Air Defense Forces, Air Force, Aerospace Defense Forces, and Aerospace Forces.

To solve air defense problems, units were allocated from the air brigades of front-line aviation of military districts<...>Front-line aviation was distributed among combined arms armies, and its actions were uncoordinated.<...>In the border zone, the districts were subordinate to the commanders of the military forces, in the internal regions of the USSR - to the commander<...>Separate air defense armies and front-line air armies were merged into one.<...>The front line (bomber and assault) is subordinate to the military commander.

The article examines the materials of the Russian and foreign press during the First World War, dedicated to the Brusilov breakthrough; The role of military propaganda and print media in matters of mobilizing public opinion, strengthening military discipline and raising military-patriotic sentiments in the countries of the anti-German coalition is assessed.

Subsequently, daily on the front pages of central Russian and foreign, front-line and army publications<...>Domestic publications, based on front-line reports, conveyed other information to their readers, however,<...>Front-line events changed the layout of many publications.<...>front”, etc.31 To popularize the successes of the Russian army, incl. among the illiterate lower ranks, part of the bands

The authors analyze the features of the organization of control and communications in the 14th Army of the Northern (from August 23, 1941 - Karelian) Front during defensive battles in the Murmansk and Kandalaksha directions in 1941-1942.

Murmansk and Kandalaksha directions, numbering 51,828 people had to defend a significant strip<...>Active hostilities in strip 14A began on June 29, 1941.<...>Since the situation in band 14 A had stabilized since the fall of 1941, the communications chief decided to bring the lines<...>radiophobia, and US KP ensured stable radio communication via radio with the General Staff and work in the front line<...>the armament of the army communications regiment included radio stations RAT for communication with the General Staff, RAF for work in the front line

Artistic image and reality: “trench life” on the Western Front (1914-1918) in the memoirs of soldiers and novels of writers of the war generation [Electronic resource] / Smirnova // Bulletin of Moscow University. Episode 8. History. .- 2011 .- No. 4 .- P. 102-118 .- Access mode: https://site/efd/378372

The article discusses the features of autobiographical work of art, as a historical source, using the example of novels by two writers of the war generation (R. Aldington and E.M. Remarque).

Literature of the front generation as historical source // National history. 2002. № 1. <...>Literature of the front generation... P. 103. 22 Ibid. P. 102.<...>From the observation post, “no man's land” looks like a boiling cauldron of terrible witches!<...>Aldington writes about fat, insolent animals: “For them, no man's land is a luxurious dinner table.”60<...>Literature of the front-line generation as a historical source // Domestic history. 2002. No. 1. 12.

Rehearsal work in the Russian language in the form of the OGE

Option 108

Part 1

Listen to the text and complete task 1 on a separate sheet of paper.

First write the task number, and then the text of the summary .

1. Listen to the text and write a concise summary. Please note that you must convey the main content of both each micro-topic and the entire text as a whole. The volume of presentation is at least 70 words. Write your summary in neat, legible handwriting.

Part 2

Read the text and complete tasks 2–14.

Active Army, Komsomolskaya Pravda,

(1) Children! (2) The war fell on tens of thousands of them in the same way as on adults, if only because the fascist bombs dropped over peaceful cities have the same force for everyone. (3) Acutely, often more acutely than adults, adolescent boys and girls experience the events of the Great Patriotic War. (4) They greedily, to the last point, listen to the messages of the Information Bureau, remember all the details of heroic deeds, write down the names of the heroes, their titles, their surnames. (5) With boundless respect they see off the trains leaving for the front, and with boundless love they greet the wounded arriving from the front.

(6) I saw our children deep in the rear, in the alarming front line, and even on the front line itself. (7) And everywhere I saw them have a great thirst for business, work, and even achievement.

(8) Front strip. (9) Passing herds of collective farm cattle, which go to quiet pastures to the east, to the intersection of the village, the car stops. (10) A boy of about fifteen jumps up on the step. (11) He asks for something. (12) What does the boy need? (13) We don’t understand. (14) Bread? (15) Then suddenly it turns out:

- (16) Uncle, give me two cartridges.

- (17) What do you need cartridges for?

- (18) And so... for memory.

- (19) They don’t give you cartridges for memory.

(20) I give him a lattice shell from a hand grenade and a spent shiny cartridge case. (21) The boy’s lips curl contemptuously.

- (22) Well! (23) What's the use of them?

- (24) Oh, dear! (25) So, do you need a memory that you can use to make sense? (26) Maybe I should give you this black egg grenade? (27) Maybe you should unhook that small anti-tank gun from the tractor? (28) Get into the car, don’t lie and tell everything straight. (29) And so the story begins, full of secret omissions and subterfuges, although in general everything has long been clear to us.

(30) A dense forest closed sternly around, deep ravines lay across the road, and marshy reed swamps spread out along the banks of the river. (31) Fathers, uncles and older brothers are joining the partisans. (32) And he is still young, but dexterous and brave. (33) He knows all the hollows, the last paths for forty kilometers in the area. (34) Fearing that they won’t believe him, he pulls a Komsomol card wrapped in oilcloth from his bosom. (35) And not having the right to tell anything more, licking his cracked, dusty lips, he waits greedily and impatiently.

(36) I look into his eyes. (37) I put the clip in his hot hand. (38) This is a clip from my rifle. (39) It is written on me. (40) I take responsibility for the fact that each bullet fired from these five cartridges will fly exactly in the right direction.

- (41) What is your name?

- (42) Yakov.

- (43) Listen, Yakov, why do you need cartridges if you don’t have a rifle? (44) What, are you going to shoot from an empty clay jar?

(45) The truck starts moving. (46) Yakov jumps off the step, he jumps up and cheerfully shouts something awkward, stupid. (47) He laughs, mysteriously shakes his finger at me and disappears in a cloud of dust.

(48) Oh, no! (49) This guy will not put the clip in an empty container.

(50) Another case. (51) Before the battle, I met a boy on the bank of a river. (52) Looking for the missing cow to shorten the path, he swam across the river and unexpectedly found himself in the position of the Germans. (53) Hidden in the bushes, he sat three steps away from the fascist commanders, who were talking for a long time about something, holding a map in front of them. (54) He returned to us and told us about what he had seen. (55) I asked him:

- Wait a minute! (56) But you heard what their bosses said, and you understood that this was very important for us.

(57) The boy was surprised:

- Well, comrade commander, they spoke German!

- (58) I know it’s not in Turkish. (59) How many classes have you completed? (60) Nine? (61) So you should have understood at least something from their conversation?

(62) He threw up his hands sadly and sadly:

- (63) Eh, comrade commander! (64) If only I had known about this meeting earlier...

_______________

*Krynka – jug, pot for milk.

(According to A.P. Gaidar*)

* Gaidar Arkady Petrovich ( real name– Golikov, 1904–1941) – children’s writer, film scriptwriter, participant in the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars.

2. Which answer option contains the information necessary to substantiate the answer to the question: “Why did the boy, having overheard the conversation of the German commanders, not be able to convey its contents to the Soviet soldiers?”

1) The German commanders spoke very quietly.

2) The boy didn’t understand the content of this conversation because he didn’t teach well German At school.

3) The boy was inattentive, he was in a hurry, he was looking for his cow.

4) The boy didn’t hear a lot because he was drawing a map of military operations.

3. Indicate a sentence in which the means of expressive speech is

phraseological unit.

1) Acutely, often more acutely than adults, adolescent boys and girls experience the events of the Great Patriotic War.

2) Maybe I should give you this black, egg-shaped grenade?

3) I put the clip in his hot hand.

4) He threw up his hands sadly and sadly.

4. From sentences 5–7, write down a word in which the spelling of the prefix is determined by the meaning - proximity to something.

5. From sentences 2–4, write down a word in which the spelling of the suffix is determined by the rule: “In suffixes of full passive past participles, NN is written.”

6. Replace the colloquial word “kaby” in sentence 64 with a stylistically neutral synonym. Write this synonym.

7. Replace the phrase “clay jar” (sentence 44), built on the basis of agreement, with a synonymous phrase with the connection management. Write the resulting phrase.

8. Write down the grammatical basis of sentence 19.

9. Among sentences 27–34, find a sentence complicated by a separate common agreed upon definition. Write the number of this offer.

10. In the sentences below from the text read, all commas are numbered. Write down all the numbers indicating commas in the introductory word.

So do you need a memory (1) that you can use to make sense? Maybe (2) give you this black, (3) egg, (4) grenade? Maybe (5) you should unhook that small anti-tank gun from the tractor? Get into the car, (6) don’t lie and tell everything straight.

11. Indicate the number of grammatical bases in sentence 34. Write the answer in numbers.

12. In the sentences below from the text read, all commas are numbered. Write down all the numbers indicating commas between parts complex sentence connected by a subordinating connection.

I saw our children deep in the rear, (1) in the alarming front line and even on the front line itself. And everywhere I saw their great thirst for work, (2) work and even achievement. Combatant zone. Passing the herds of collective farm cattle, (3) which go to the quiet pastures to the east, (4) to the crossroads of the village, (5) the car stops.

13. Among sentences 52–57, find a complex sentence with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer. 15. 1. Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist Ruben Aleksandrovich Budagov: “Syntax is always at the service of the person himself, his thoughts and feelings.” When justifying your answer, give 2 (two) examples from the text you read. When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations. You can write a paper in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic using linguistic material. You can start your essay with the words of R. A. Budagov. The essay must be at least 70 words. Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points. Write your essay neatly and in legible handwriting.

2. Write an essay-reasoning. Explain how you understand the meaning of the sentences in the text: “I saw our children in the deep rear, in the alarming front line and even on the front line itself. And everywhere I saw them have a great thirst for business, work and even achievement.” In your essay, provide 2 (two) arguments from the text you read, confirming your reasoning. When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations. The essay must be at least 70 words. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points. Write your essay neatly and in legible handwriting.

3. How do you understand the meaning of the phrase POWER OF SPIRIT? Formulate and comment on the definition you have given. Write an essay-discussion on the topic "What is fortitude" taking the definition you gave as a thesis. When arguing your thesis, give 2 (two) examples-arguments that confirm your reasoning: give one example-argument from the text you read, and the second from your life experience. The essay must be at least 70 words. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points. Write your essay neatly and in legible handwriting.

1. Na-pi-shi-te so-chi-ne-ras-judgment, revealing the meaning of the expression from the West-no-go ling-vi -sta Ru-be-na Alek-san-dro-vi-cha Bu-da-go-va: “Sin-tak-sis always goes to the service of the sa-mo-go -lo-ve-ka, his thoughts and feelings.” Ar-gu-men-ti-ruya your answer, giving 2 (two) examples from the pro-chi-tan-no-go text. For example, indicate the number of the required clauses or use the qi-ti-ro-va-nie . You can write a work in a scientific or pub- lic style, covering a topic in a linguistic style ma-te-ri-a-le. You can start with the words of R. A. Bu-da-go-va. The volume of the essay should be at least 70 words. Work, on-pi-san-naya without relying on the pro-read text (not according to the given text), does not evaluate. If the co-representation is a re-said or completely re-written source text without any If there were no com-men-ta-ri-ev, then such work is rated with zero points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

2. Na-pi-shi-te so-chi-ne-ras-judgment. Explain how you understand the meaning of the sentences in the text: “I saw our children in the deep rear, in an alarming at the front-to-howl in the lo-se and even on the line of the front itself. And everywhere I saw their enormous thirst for business, work, and even movement.” Pri-ve-di-te in the co-chi-ne-nii 2 (two) ar-gu-men-ta from the pro-chi-tan-no-go text, confirming-waiting for yours judgments. For example, indicate the number of the required clauses or use the qi-ti-ro-va-nie . The volume of the essay should be at least 70 words. If the co-representation is a re-said or completely re-written source text without any If there were no com-men-ta-ri-ev, then such work is rated with zero points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

3. What is your understanding of the word POWER OF SPIRIT? Form and pro-com-men-ti-ruy the definition given by you. Let's write a discussion on the topic “What is fortitude”, taking as the thesis the definition you gave -le-nie. Ar-gu-men-ti-ruya your thesis, with-ve-di-those 2 (two) examples-ra-ar-gu-men-ta, confirming-waiting for your reasoning -de-niya: one example-ar-gu-ment is from the pro-chi-tan-no-go text, and the second is from your life -no experience. The volume of the essay should be at least 70 words. If the co-representation is a re-said or completely re-written source text without any If there were no com-men-ta-ri-ev, then such work is rated with zero points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Active Army, Komsomolskaya Pravda,

(6) I saw our children deep in the rear, in the alarming front line, and even on the front line itself. (7) And everywhere I saw them have a great thirst for business, work, and even achievement.

- (16) Uncle, give me two cartridges.

- (17) What do you need cartridges for?

- (18) And so... for memory.

- (19) They don’t give out cartridges for memory.

(20) I give him a lattice shell from a hand grenade and a spent shiny cartridge case. (21) The boy’s lips curl contemptuously.

- (22) Well! (23) What's the use of them?

- (41) What is your name?

- (43) Listen, Yakov, why do you need cartridges if you don’t have a rifle? (44) What, are you going to shoot from an empty clay jar?

(48) Oh, no! (49) This guy will not put the clip in an empty container.

Wait a minute! (56) But you heard what their bosses said, and you understood that this was very important for us.

(57) The boy was surprised:

Well, comrade commander, they spoke German!

- (58) I know it’s not in Turkish. (59) How many classes have you completed? (60) Nine? (61) So you should have understood at least something from their conversation?

(62) He threw up his hands sadly and sadly:

- (63) Eh, comrade commander! (64) If only I had known about this meeting earlier...

*Krynka – jug, pot for milk.

(According to A.P. Gaidar*)

* Gaidar Arkady Petrovich (real name Golikov, 1904–1941) - children's writer, film scriptwriter, participant in the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars.

In what va-ri-an-te from-ve-ta co-lives in-for-ma-tion, not-about-ho-di-may for os-but-va-niya from-ve- she answered the question: “Why did the par-nish-ka, having once listened to the conversation of the German co-man-di-rov, could not convey it with -continue with the Soviet soldiers there?”

1) The German co-man-di-ry speak very quietly.

2) Par-nish didn’t understand the content of this time, because he didn’t learn German well at school.

3) Par-nish-ka was not paying attention, he was drinking, he was looking for his cow.

4) Par-nish didn’t hear a lot, because he drew a map of military actions.

Clarification.

The boy’s proud sigh, “If only I had known about this meeting earlier...” says that at school I didn’t learn German properly. but, which I really regret now.

Answer: 2

Source: Open bank FIPI, block 634F69, option SOLUTION No. 108

Relevance: Used in the OGE 2016-2017

Clarification.

1. 1. Let us give an example of a so-chi-non-judgment in a scientific style.

Sin-tak-sis is a section of ling-vi-sti-ki, studying pre-words and words. Sentence - a unit of sin-tak-si-sa, in the composition of which there are separate words and pre-di-ka-tive parts with -obtain the ability to interact and formulate re-communities. That's why it's impossible not to agree with you-speaking-from-the-west ling-vi-sta Ru-be-na Alek-san-dro -vi-cha Bu-da-go-va: “Sin-tak-sis is always in the service of the person, his thoughts and feelings."

To confirm the validity of the words of R.A. Bu-da-go-va about-ra-tim-sya to an excerpt from the text of Ar-ka-diya Gai-da-ra. Consider the proposals 63-64. According to the content, these two sentences must be combined into one complex subordinate. Why does the author divide them into two? What is the goal? Absolutely, this is not a coincidence. Such an or-ga-ni-za-tion of the pre-lo-zhe-niy can-emphasize from-cha-i-the-ness of a boy who fails understand what the fascist co-man-di-rs are talking about.

In the se-re-di-not pre-lo-zhe-niya 18 (And so... for a moment.) there are a lot of things: something is par-nish-not up to -va-ri-va-et - this immediately becomes clear.

Thus, pro-ana-li-zi-ro-vav text, we can confidently assert that sin-so-sis plays a lot -an important role in the development of our thoughts and experiences.

2. The war did not spare anyone: millions died, hundreds of thousands of wartime children were left without births. These children, mature beyond their years, strived to be worthy of their fathers and older brothers. The final lines of Guy-da-ra’s text are about this: “I saw our children in the deep rear, in the alarming zone at the front-line. and even on the front line. And everywhere I saw their enormous thirst for business, work, and even movement.”

The comrade Yakov is ready to fight the enemy, he is young, resolute and brave. This is why the fighter believes him and gives both of them pa-tro-nov. In sentence number 49 (This pa-re-neck does not put the wallpaper in an empty container) we hope to confirm this.

In pre-lo-zhe-ni-yah 63-64 (“Eh, then-va-risch ko-man-dir! If only I had known about this meeting earlier...”) without concealment -my dear par-nish says that he didn’t learn the German language and didn’t understand what the fascist was talking about - ko-man-di-ry, but could have provided valuable information.

War is testing, war is destruction, war is destruction. But she won’t be able to do anything, because the great fortitude of our na-ro -yes, where even a child is ready to compare his life with the life of his father-hero.

3. Strength of spirit is one of the main qualities that makes a person strong. This is not my quality that helps you survive in difficult life situations. A person, strong in spirit, is able to overcome seemingly insurmountable obstacles. Greater tension in mental and physical forces is required from our nation, so that you stand in the Great Fatherland War. The children, who became adults so early, were also strong in spirit.

Ar-ka-diy Gai-dar de-lit-sya with chi-ta-te-la-mi not-you-du-man-ny-mi is-to-ri-I-mi about how to deal with everything the boys, without fear of anything, help the adults beat the enemy. One asks for the right steps, and not for memory, but for an extremely important, secret matter. Another one regrets that he couldn’t understand anything from listening to the Fri-ts, couldn’t help his own... The desire of children to be on an equal footing with adults, to make their contribution to the world is not appreciated. And only children whose spirit is strong and strong can do this. Like fathers who went to the front.

I learned about the fate of a young woman who was left alone with hunger, devastation, fear and death from the film. ma "Ma-ter-che-lo-ve-che-skaya." How can you live in such conditions? But Maria did it. And not only did she remain alive: she saved the lives of the children who had lost their birth. Together they sowed grain, looked after the living creatures and lived in hope of the return of the Russian soldiers, for help. And they waited! But the film would not have had an op-ti-mi-stic ending if not for Maria’s fortitude. This film is a hymn to a strong Russian woman.

Happiness is to meet people on your way who are persistent, strong-willed, persistent. But every person should strive to build fortitude, so that you can sustain life’s challenges only such people can do it.