The term “ecology” arose within the framework of biology. Its author was E. Haeckel (1866). Ecology was originally considered as a part of biology that studies the interaction of living organisms depending on the state environment. Later, the concept of “ecosystem” appeared in the West, and in the USSR - “biocenosis” and “biogeocenosis” (Academician V.N. Sukachev). These are almost identical terms. The first two - ecosystem and biocenosis - are absolutely identical. They mean any collection of interacting living organisms. The latter differs from the former only in that it involves the “geo” particle, which captures the fact that a given ecosystem is considered in a certain well-defined territory and takes into account the influence of the environment on the interaction of living organisms.
So: the original term "ecology" meant the discipline that studies the evolution of fixed ecosystems. And even now, in general ecology courses, the main place is occupied by problems that have mainly biological content, which extremely narrows the content of the subject.
But excessive expansion of the concept and its inclusion in jargon is also unacceptable. So, for example, they say that the city has a “bad environment.” The expression is meaningless, because ecology is a scientific discipline, and it is the same for all humanity. You can talk about a bad environmental situation, about environmental conditions, about the fact that there are no qualified ecologists in the city, but not about bad ecology. It's as pointless as talking about bad arithmetic or algebra.
The Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, brought significant changes to the relationship between nature and man. For the time being, humans, like other living beings, were a natural component of their ecosystems, lived according to the laws of nature, and fit into the circulation of its substances. But, starting from the time of the Neolithic revolution, when agriculture was invented, and then cattle breeding, the relationship between man and nature began to change qualitatively. Agricultural activity creates artificial eco-systems, so-called agrocenoses, “living” according to their own laws - for their maintenance they require constant, focused human labor. They cannot exist without human intervention. Gradually, man begins to extract minerals. And what, perhaps, is the most important thing - as a result of his activity, a person changes the nature of the circulation of substances in nature, i.e. The very nature of the environment changes. And as the population grows, as human needs grow, the properties of the living environment change more and more. Note that people think that their activities lead to adaptation to local conditions. But this adaptation is of a local nature, and not always, by improving these conditions for himself, an individual improves the living conditions for a clan, tribe, village, city. By throwing waste from his yard, he pollutes someone else's, which ultimately turns out to be harmful for the individual. This happens not only in small things, but also in big things.
However, until very recently, these changes occurred so slowly that no one thought seriously about them. Of course, changes occurred, and human memory recorded them: Europe, for example, was covered with impenetrable forests back in the Middle Ages. The endless feather grass steppes gradually turned into arable land, the rivers became shallow, there were fewer animals and fish, and people knew that there was one reason for all this - man! But all these changes took place so slowly that they became noticeable only after generations. Nature remained as before only a natural background against which the events of history developed. Of course, there were also environmental crises when exorbitant human greed undermined the basis of human existence, but they were local in nature and were perceived as heavenly punishment.
Beginning with industrial revolution, the situation began to change rapidly, and main reason These changes resulted in the production and use of hydrocarbon fuels - coal, oil, shale, gas. And then - in huge quantities of metals and other minerals. The circulation of substances in nature began to include substances stored by former biospheres, previously excluded from the circulation and not characteristic of it and located in sedimentary rocks. People began to call the appearance in the biosphere of these substances, which were initially not characteristic of it, pollution of water, air, and soil. And the intensity of the pollution process began to increase rapidly. Living conditions began to visibly change. First of all, this process
plants and animals felt. The number and, most importantly, the diversity of the living world began to rapidly decline. This process of oppression of Nature has especially accelerated in the second half of the present century.
I was struck by a letter to A. Herzen, written by one of the residents of Moscow in the sixties of the last century. Here is one of his phrases, almost verbatim: “Our Moscow River has become impoverished. Of course, you can still catch a pound-sized sturgeon, but you can’t catch the sterlet that my grandfather loved to treat visitors to.” Like this! Another century has passed. You can still see fishermen with fishing rods on the banks of the river. And some people manage to catch a randomly surviving roach. But it is already so saturated with “products of human production activity” that even a cat refuses to eat it.
The emergence of new tasks led to the emergence of new directions scientific activity and new terms. And one of them is “industrial ecology”. The term “environmental monitoring” has also become widespread. And they are closely related.
People have long understood that human activity changes the nature of the environment, and in most (not always, but in most) cases, changes in its parameters, their deviation from natural values, have a negative impact influence on a person and his activities. And it’s not difficult to understand why: over millions of years, the human body has adapted to very specific living conditions. But at the same time, any human activity - industrial, agricultural, recreational - is the source of human life, the basis of his existence. This means that a person will inevitably change the characteristics of the environment. And look for ways to adapt to them. From here follow two directions of activity. The first is the creation of technologies that have the least impact on the environment. Those technologies that have this property are called environmentally friendly, and the scientific (engineering) disciplines that deal with the principles of creating such technologies are united common name engineering, or industrial, ecology. As industry develops, as people begin to understand that they cannot exist in an environment created from their own waste, the role of these disciplines is growing all the time, and in almost every technical university there are departments of industrial ecology, focused on certain industries.
Let us note that the less waste that pollutes the environment, the better we learn to use waste from one industry as raw material for another. This is how the idea of waste-free production is born. Such production, or rather, such chains of production, solve another important problem: they save those natural resources that people use in their production activities. But we live on a planet with very limited mineral resources. This fact must not be forgotten. The set of similar problems that make up the essence of engineering ecology is the first practical direction born of the realities of the 20th century. This scientific discipline (more precisely, a set of scientific disciplines) is no longer of a biological nature, although the technologies being developed are based on many processes of a biological nature. It may seem that the use of the word “ecology” to describe this discipline is not entirely appropriate. However, below we will see that the logic of the development of our knowledge and the pressure of practical necessity inevitably lead us to such a concept.
Today, industrial ecology covers a very wide range of problems, and the problems are very different. Therefore, it is quite appropriate to talk about a whole range of environmental engineering disciplines: ecology of the mining industry, ecology of energy, ecology of chemical production, etc. Such disciplines are very different in their specific content, but they are united by a common methodology and a common goal - to minimize the impact of industrial activity on the processes of circulation of substances in nature and environmental pollution.
Simultaneously with such engineering activity, the problem of its evaluation arises, which constitutes the second direction of practical activity. To do this, we need to learn to identify significant environmental parameters, develop methods for measuring them, and create a system of standards for acceptable pollution (let me remind you that there cannot be non-polluting industries in principle!). This is how the concept of MPC was born - maximum permissible standards for the concentration of harmful substances in the air, water, soil...
This most important area of activity is usually called environmental monitoring. The name is not entirely apt, since the word “monitoring” means tracking, observation, measurement. Of course, it is very important to learn how to measure certain characteristics of the environment; it is even more important to combine them into a system. But the most important thing is to understand what needs to be measured in the first place, and, of course, to develop and justify the MPC standards themselves. Of no small importance is knowledge of how the combination of various substances influences; sometimes they are able to compensate each other, but more often they play the role of a catalytic material, i.e. enhance each other's action. In other words, the monitoring itself is just the tip of the iceberg, which is based on a deep scientific theory. You need to know how certain values of biosphere parameters affect human health and his practical activities.
Answers to such questions require the development of special scientific disciplines, the discussion of which is a special topic. For now, I will just note that there is still a lot of uncertainty in the problems of assessing environmental quality. But Ariadne's thread has already been outlined: human health. It is precisely this that is the final, supreme judge of all our activities.
All civilizations and all peoples have always had an idea about the need to take care of nature. Some to a greater extent, others to a lesser extent. But everyone understood that the land, rivers, forests and the animals that live in them are of great value, perhaps the main value that Nature possesses. And the reserves probably arose long before the word “reserve” itself appeared. So, even Peter the Great, who cut down the entire forest in Zaonezhye for the construction of the fleet, forbade touching with an ax the forest that was located in the vicinity of the Kivach waterfall.
For a long time, the main practical tasks of ecology were reduced precisely to environmental protection. But in the 20th century, this traditional frugality, which also began to gradually fade away under the pressure of developing capitalism and the displacement of rural life by urban ones, was not enough. The degradation of nature began to turn into a threat to the very life of society. This stimulated the emergence of special environmental laws and the creation of a system of nature reserves like the famous Askania-Nova. Finally, a special science is being born that studies the possibility of preserving relict areas of nature and endangered populations of individual living species. People began to gradually understand that only the richness of nature, the diversity of living species ensures the life and future of man himself. Today this principle has become fundamental. Nature has lived without humans for billions of years and can live without humans, but humans cannot exist outside a full-fledged biosphere. The issue of environmental protection in most developed countries has become one of the most important priorities of national development.
Rapid urbanization and industrial development began to change the very nature of the spiritual world of man. And this, in turn, began to give rise to disunity and affect social structure society, lead to phenomena dangerous for its development. The nature of culture, art, and music began to change noticeably. Beauty, goodwill, participation, empathy become exceptions in human relationships. Drug addiction, pathologies in gender relations, etc. began to develop. The spiritual world becomes rougher, more primitive. The “maximum,” so to speak, achieved in European countries in the 18th century -XIX centuries(and in Russia, most likely, at the beginning of the 20th century), began to gradually blur. The spread of pop music in recent decades, the passion for pulp literature and pornography, the loss of the sense of the value of beauty - all this speaks of something more than a crisis of culture. I think that we are talking about a crisis of civilization.
The “pollution” of the spiritual world, the displacement from it of the bright, dare I say, divine principle gives rise to the need to study the described phenomena. All this as a whole, often and justifiably, is called the ecology of civilization (or ecology of culture) - another term that has gained currency in recent years.
Let us now remember that the original meaning of the concept of “ecology” was the study of the coexistence of species belonging to a certain ecosystem under given specific environmental conditions. Therefore, by analogy and quite reasonably, the concept of “human ecology” arose, which includes the ecology of culture, the study of social problems of urbanization and industrial ecology, and many other issues; new living conditions give rise to a new synthetic discipline - human ecology.
The problem of human survival is looming large before humanity - the very future of our biological species is being called into question, and it may face the fate of dinosaurs. Only, the reason for the disappearance of the former rulers of the Earth was external interference, and humanity may die from the inability to wisely use its power.
The formulated problem is the central problem of modern science (although, perhaps, this is not yet realized by everyone), and the discipline that studies it is called “human ecology.”
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ACTUAL PROBLEMS
ECOLOGY AND
NATURE MANAGEMENT
Collection of scientific papers
Collection of scientific papers
"Nature management"
"Nature management"
"Legal and economic
"Legal and economic
fundamentals of environmental management",
fundamentals of environmental management"
“Scientific work of schoolchildren”
“Scientific work of schoolchildren”
Moscow Moscow Peoples' Friendship University of Russia Peoples' Friendship University of Russia 2011 2011 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION State educational institution of higher professional education RUSSIAN PEOPLES' FRIENDSHIP UNIVERSITY CURRENT PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGY AND NATURE MANAGEMENT Issue Collection of scientific works Part of the Section “Nature Poles” education", "Legal and economic foundations of environmental management ", "Scientific work of schoolchildren"
Moscow Approved by UDC 504.75:502. RIS Academic Council of Russia LBC 20. Peoples' Friendship University EDITORIAL BOARD:
Executive editor Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor Chernykh N.A.
Members of the editorial board:
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor Yu.P. Kozlov, Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor V.P. Zvolinsky, Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor S.N. Sidorenko, Ph.D. technical sciences, associate professor Stanis E.V., candidate of medical sciences, associate professor Rodionova O.M., candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences Maksimova O.A.
A 43 Current problems of ecology and environmental management.
Sat. scientific tr. Vol. 13. – M.: RUDN, 2011. – Part 2. – 412 pp.: The Urgent Ecological and Nature Management Problems. Coll.
Res. Articles. Issue 13. – M.: PFUR, 2011. – P. 2. – 412 p.: il.
The collection contains materials from scientific reports presented at the annual All-Russian scientific conference“Current problems of ecology and environmental management”, which was held on April 21-22, 2011. Scientists, teachers, graduate students and students from both Russian and foreign universities and research institutions took part in the conference.
BBK 20. ISBN 978-5-209-03999- © Team of authors, © Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Publishing House, Contents Section "Nature Management" Aka Dibi Marie Michel. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF CôTE D IVOIRE Akopdzhanyan A.
D. USE OF THE “INDIVIDUALS ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT” CALCULATOR AS AN INTEGRAL INDICATOR OF STUDENTS’ PERSONAL IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Aleynikova A.M. FEATURES OF LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE OF PRIGLACIER LANDSCAPES OF THE CENTRAL CAUCASUS Akhtyamova G.G., Yanin. E.P., Tatsiy Yu.G. CONTRIBUTION OF TECHNOGENIC FACTOR IN MERCURY POLLUTION OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE Pakhra River BASIN Berzkin V.Yu., Baraboshkina T.A., Rozanov V.B. COMPREHENSIVE ECOLOGICAL-GEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF THE KOSINO-UKHTOMSKY DISTRICT Bognyukova S.S., Belyaeva Yu.L. COMBINED ALGORITHM FOR RECYCLING INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Varkovich K.Ch., Romanovsky V.I. GRINDING OF SPENT ION EXCHANGE MATERIALS IN A SUPERCAVITATING INSTALLATION Vasilyeva E.Yu., Rasskazov A.A. CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF GEOECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SPRINGS (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF SERGIEVO-POSAD DISTRICT OF THE MOSCOW REGION) Gagen-Thorn O.Ya., Kostyleva V.V. ABOUT THE ECOLOGICAL THREAT TO WETLANDS AND CLINT AREA ON THE SOUTH COAST OF THE GULF OF FINNISH Golubchikov S.N. CHANGES IN HYDROECOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LANDSCAPE IN THE CENTER OF THE RUSSIAN PLAIN AS A RESULT OF CENTURIES OF FOREST USE Golyeva A.A. REFLECTION OF ANCIENT SETTLEMENT ACTIVITY IN MODERN SOILS Gorbatov E.S., Rasskazov A.A. INFLUENCE OF DEFORMATION PROPERTIES OF CLAY SOILS ON THE FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION OF STRUCTURES OF THE OLYMPIC PARK IN SOCHI Grishantseva E.S., Safronova N.S. FORMS OF PRESENTATION OF HEAVY METALS IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE IVANKOVSKY RESERVOIR Zaika Yu.V., Vikulina M.A. MONITORING OF NIVAL PROCESSES TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF WINTER RECREATION IN THE KHIBINS (MURMANSK REGION) Ivanova N.M., Lebedeva L. DIVERSITY OF THE SPECIES COMPOSITION OF FUNGI IN FOREST BIOCENOSES V. VASILIEVSKOE Karakovsky V.V. ECOLOGICAL-HYDROGEOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION OF MASTER PLANS FOR THE AREAS OF THE NEAREST MOSCOW REGION (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KRASNOGORSKY DISTRICT) Karpova E.V., Samarin E.N., Baraboshkina T.A. ASSESSMENT OF RADIATION BACKGROUND AND SOIL POLLUTION IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE “SPOROBYOVY GORY” NATURAL RESERVE Kenzhin Zh.D. ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION FACILITIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE KAZAKHSTAN ZONE OF THE CASPIAN SEA Kizeev A.N. RESTORING PINE FORESTS ON THE KUZOMENSKY SANDS (TERYA COAST OF THE WHITE SEA) Kizim V.B., Martyanov V.V. HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES AT RADIOACTIVE WASTE STORAGE AREAS Kislyakova E.G. STUDYING THE GEOCHEMICAL FIELD OF SMALL RIVERS ECOSYSTEMS Korobova E.M., Shkurpela E.I., Berzkin V.Yu., Korsakova N.V., Danilova V.N., Khushvakhtova S.D., Krigman L.V. STUDY OF IODINE AND SELENIUM DISTRIBUTION IN LANDSCAPES OF THE BRYANSK REGION. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND FIRST RESULTS Kokh M.A., Fomin S.L., Shestakova T.V., Grichuk D.V.
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MOBILE FORMS OF HEAVY METALS IN THE SURFACE LAYER OF SOIL (IN CONNECTION WITH THE TECHNIQUE OF ECOLOGICAL-GEOCHEMICAL SURVEYING) Kuzmin V.S. ASSESSMENT OF ANTI-FILTRATION CEMENTATION OF THE RIGHT BANK OF THE Vakhsh River DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF SANGTUDINSKAYA HPP-1 Lipatnikova O.A., Grichuk D.V. ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF EUTROFICATION ON SECONDARY POLLUTION OF A RESERVOIR WITH HEAVY METALS (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF IVANKOVSKY RESERVOIR) Marsheva N.V. GEOECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF OPEN MINED MINING OF NON-OREAL RAW MATERIALS DEPOSITS ON THE TERRITORY OF THE MOSCOW REGION Oleinik Yu.O., Rasskazov A.A. PROBLEMS OF SORTING MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN MEGA CITIES Oshkin M.I., Polozova I.A., Ilyinkova Yu.N., Zheltobryukhov V.F.
RATIONAL USE OF NATURE IN THE PROJECT OF ANNUAL CLEARING OF THE BED OF THE BEAR RIVER IN THE VOLGOGRAD REGION Pak D.A. DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACTION PLAN FOR RESTORATION AND SANATION OF LAKES SHCHUCHE AND BOROVOYE (NORTH KAZAKHSTAN) BASED ON THE ASSESSMENT OF THEIR CONDITION ACCORDING TO LONG-TERM MONITORING DATA Popova N.V. SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF ECOSYSTEMS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF FUNCTIONING ACCORDING TO DIAGNOSTIC PARAMETERS OF GROUND ORGANOGENIC HORIZONS Puzanova T.A., Gorlov A.A., Eremeeva A.P., Koshovsky T.S., Lebedeva S.V., Petrik M.M., Tkachenko O.V. PROBLEMS OF NATURE MANAGEMENT IN THE NORTH BAIKAL REGION:
INFLUENCE OF THE KHOLODNINSKOYE POLYMETAL DEPOSIT ON AQUAL LANDSCAPES Razgonyaev D.S., Arakelov A.G., Tolstykh R.S., Skakovsky E.D.
PROBLEMS OF RECYCLING (TURNOVER) AND DISPOSAL OF GLASS CONTAINERS Romantsova N.A., Paramonova T.A., Semenikhin A.I. FEATURES OF SOIL CONTAMINATION OF THE PLAVSKY RADIOACTIVE SPOT OF THE TULA REGION WITH CESIUM-137 Rocheva A.A. EXPERIENCE OF PERMAFROST-ECOLOGICAL ZONING FOR NATURE MANAGEMENT PURPOSES Ryspekov T.R. SUCCESSIONAL PROCESSES OF RESTORATION OF LANDSCAPES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN Svoykin F.V., Grekovsky E.P., Ivanov A.V. PROJECT OF TRASHING MACHINE BASED ON MAZ-7313 Stepanov D. A. ASSESSMENT OF THE CONDITION OF OIL CONTAMINATED LANDS AT THE SITE OF THE SAMOTLORSK FIELD Strokov A. A. ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE CONDITION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE OKA RIVER BASIN (RYAZAN REGION) Teterina N.V., Kiseleva S.V., Nefedova L.V. WAYS TO OPTIMIZE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF KAMCHATKA THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES Filippova M.A. ECOLOGICAL-GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPER AQUAL LANDSCAPE Tselyuk D.I., Tselyuk O.I. MODERN APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE AS AN OBJECT OF TECHNOGENIC LOAD ON THE ENVIRONMENT Shcherba V.A., Teleguz O.V. PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF RECREATIONAL AND BALNEOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF KAMCHATKA Shcherba V.A., Utkina Ya.S. ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS ON THE SEA OF OKHOTSK SHELF Yakimenko A.V. DEVELOPMENT OF DEVICES FOR MONITORING AND THERMAL PROFILING OF WATER OBJECTS Section "Legal and economic foundations of environmental management" Alekseeva E.V., Gutnikov V.A. ECOSYSTEMS AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES FOR CALCULATING THE TOURISM AND TRAVEL INDEX Artamonov G.E., Sidorenko S.N. ECOLOGICAL AND LEGAL PROBLEMS OF THE BALTIC SEA Artamonov G.E., Gutnikov V.A. ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF RUSSIA'S ENERGY STRATEGY Artamonova L.A., Orlov M.S. CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THERMAL POWER PLANT Balatenysheva M.E. METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS FOR FOOD INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES Barinov A.A. "GREEN" ECONOMY Bukhnova A.S. PROBLEMS OF RATIONAL USE OF RECREATIONAL RESOURCES (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SPECIAL ECOLOGICAL RESORT REGION CAUCASIAN MINERAL WATERS) Generalova A.V. REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL INTERNET RESOURCES ON FORENSIC ECOLOGY Gribut E.A., Surzhko O.A. ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS IN THE DISPOSAL OF AFTER ALCOHOLIC DIstillage Karpov D.I. THE PROBLEM OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT Kasperovich S.A., Baranchik V.P. FORMATION OF A MANAGEMENT MECHANISM FOR ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Kirichuk A.A. DIFFERENCES between EMAS AND ISO 14001: 2004 Klyushnikov V.Yu., Kanaeva E.I. ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF METHODS FOR MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL RISK OF ROCKET AND SPACE ACTIVITIES Malakhova I. A. CURRENT LEGAL PROBLEMS OF FOREST USE Mikhaleva N.V., Omelyanyuk G.G. THE CONCEPT AND TASKS OF COMPENSATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL OFFENSES Mustafin S.K., Khizbullin F.F. RATIONAL USE OF NATURE AS A BASIC FACTOR IN ENSURING THE STRATEGY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION Perevozchikova M.M. THE NEED FOR DEVELOPMENT OF “GREEN” CONSTRUCTION IN RUSSIA Posashkova A.L. INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS OF FOREST MANAGEMENT Rachinskaya K.I. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR ORGANIZATION OF RATIONAL USE OF NATURE Rogova M.V. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES Silantyeva E.A. MODERN ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION between MEXICO AND RUSSIA Fedoricheva A. S. PREREQUISITES FOR CREATING A MECHANISM FOR REGULATING ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALS Chemerkin M.A. RUSSIA'S POTENTIAL IN THE PRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FUEL – PELLETS Section “Scientific work of schoolchildren” Alieva A.Sh, Kormilina M.V., Chermukhina T.V. SMOKING IS SUICIDE IN INSTALLMENTS AND FOR YOUR OWN MONEY Biryukova I.A., Masalova I.L. MONITORING OBSERVATIONS OF THE STATE OF BIVALVE MOLLUSK POPULATIONS Dudina V.Yu., Zhavoronkov I.I., Berestneva A.Yu., Veremeeva O.N. MONITORING OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF RESERVOIRS AND SOME BEAVER SETTLEMENTS IN THE SURROUNDINGS OF THE CITY OF PUSHCHNO Petrova O.A., Goncharuk K.D. SOIL BIOINDICATION. ASSESSMENT OF SOIL POLLUTION USING CRESS SALAD Grosul A.V., Solin A.E., Alekseeva L.V. STUDYING THE SPECIES COMPOSITION OF VEGETATION IN THE SORCHER MEADOUS Seraya T.Yu., Zhivova V.S., Nikolaeva A.V., Dovzhenko N.E.
THE PROBLEM OF HOMELESS ANIMALS IN NOGINSK Kirillova A.D., Smirnova E.V. THE WATER WE DRINK Koryagina E.V., Kovaleva S.D., Dovzhenko N.E. ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON KLYUSHNIKOVSKY POND AND MEASURES TO REDUCE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES Krasheninnikova N.A., Smirnova E.V. STUDYING THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF FOREST PHYTOCOENOSES BY ROUTE SURVEYING METHOD Kuznetsova A.S., Sergeeva I.G., Cheremukhina T.V. INFLUENCE OF LIFTER ON THE FORMATION OF FOREST LITTER IN THE LEAVE-CONIFEROUS PLANTING OF THE NOGINSK CITY PARK Section “Nature Management”
Aka Dibi Marie Michel RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF CôTE DIVOIRE Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow Improving the waste management system using reuse and recycling technology is certainly very important for developing countries and is therefore an important environmental task.
The growth of production and the accompanying process of urbanization occurring in the Republic of Cote d'Ivoire leads to the fact that the existing solid waste management system in the country practically cannot cope with the tasks assigned to it and requires the adoption of a set of legislative, organizational and technical measures to its improvement.
To solve the waste problem, it is necessary, first of all, to develop a targeted program to create a waste management system that meets modern requirements. The goal of such a program should be to prevent negative impacts on the environment and public health by creating a system of legal, economic, organizational, managerial, normative, methodological and other regulators for waste management, as well as the implementation of projects for the processing and disposal of priority types of waste. The basis for the development of such a program can be the Federal Waste Program, which was once in force in Russia.
The program should include two blocks: measures to develop the waste management system and measures to implement projects for the processing and disposal of the highest priority types of waste.
The first block should include:
regulatory and methodological support for waste management;
economic mechanism for waste management;
training of specialists in waste management;
creation of waste monitoring systems.
The second block should include activities for the implementation of projects for the processing and disposal of the highest priority types of waste. These include: wood waste, waste Agriculture, municipal solid waste, sludge from municipal and industrial wastewater, waste from mining and processing of raw materials.
In addition, it is necessary to develop and implement technologies for the neutralization and disposal of the most toxic waste typical of industrial production in the country: sodium phosphate, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium cyanide, nitric acid, 3-chloroethylene, sodium sulfide, sodium hypochlorite.
Solid household waste management must include a number of mandatory steps:
– development of a program to reduce the volume of solid waste generation;
– widespread introduction of recycling of waste fractions with consumer properties;
– use of appropriate fractions of solid waste as raw materials for production processes;
– utilization of the energy potential of waste;
– disposal of solid waste residues that do not have any useful properties at environmentally neutral landfills.
In fact, the formula for handling solid waste after the first stage (reducing the amount of generated solid waste) can be briefly represented by the following list of operations: reduction;
recycling;
recycling;
energy extraction;
burial of remains.
The completeness of implementation and the ratio of operations of this formula is determined by specific economic, raw material, demographic and other conditions. Depending on them, adequate legislative acts are adopted and appropriate organizational and financial mechanisms are introduced, which determine the most important emphasis in the processing of solid waste. In general, these steps are aimed at creating conditions that stimulate the implementation of waste recycling methods that are priority for the country.
To solve each of the listed problems, active research and design work will be required, because There is no single option to solve these problems, and in many cases there are no appropriate effective technologies and equipment.
The most acceptable from an environmental point of view is an integrated approach to waste management.
The basis of integrated waste management is:
a) application of different approaches to handling different components of solid waste;
b) integrated use of regulators (legal, economic, organizational and managerial, technical, technological and educational).
IN general view waste management has three hierarchical levels: minimizing the formation of solid waste, its sorting, processing and disposal, and each of these stages of waste life is subject to management.
FIRST LEVEL: reduction of waste generation.
SECOND LEVEL: waste sorting. Sorting of solid waste can be carried out immediately after its generation (selective waste collection) or at waste transfer stations (WTS).
Based on the fact that the main share of municipal waste in Côte de Ivoire is food (just under 70%), it makes sense to organize their separate collection. The removal of food waste should be regular, at least once a day, since the climate leads to its rapid decomposition. For further recycling of the remaining waste components (paper, metals, glass, plastics), it is necessary to establish the operation of their collection points.
THIRD LEVEL: solid waste processing. With MPS, waste should be divided into streams according to its properties:
recycling, heat treatment (combustion, pyrolysis), disposal.
The municipal solid waste management scheme is presented in Table 1.
Table Scheme of municipal solid waste management Levels of management Waste activities Extension of the level of consumer goods First level Educational and educational program Selective collection of food waste Creation of collection points for recyclable materials Economic incentives for selective Second level of collection and reuse Creation of mechanized stations for sorting non-food waste Use as raw materials Thermal treatment Third level Landfill Composting It is necessary to create waste management and recycling enterprises in cities.
The main objectives of this enterprise should be:
creation and development of a citywide system of centralized collection and processing of waste and secondary raw materials control, legal regulation, normative methodological and Information Support waste management.
The company includes the following main divisions:
o technical inspection for control over the generation, use, and disposal of waste o information and computing center o department of coordination and long-term development o department of capital construction o eco-center for the collection and processing of industrial waste o group for processing mercury-containing waste o site for microbiological neutralization of oil-containing sediments o management wastewater treatment facilities landfill operation management o special vehicle depot of vehicles and mechanisms o environmental analytical laboratory o center for environmental projects and consulting o The following main areas of activity of the enterprise are proposed:
control over compliance with environmental legislation regarding waste management, accounting for volumes of generation and directions of disposal from waste disposal, including the formation and maintenance of a citywide data bank “waste”
reception, neutralization and placement for processing of waste materials; creation and operation of specialized facilities for the collection, sorting, processing and disposal of waste materials and secondary raw materials.
organization of selective collection of secondary raw materials organization of centralized collection and processing of waste containing secondary precious metals coordination of the activities of enterprises specializing or providing services in the field of waste management participation in the development and implementation of citywide programs in the field of waste management organization of a system of centralized collection and neutralization of used fluorescent lamps from industrial enterprises, housing stock and city infrastructure facilities; creation and operation of group treatment facilities (cleaning of industrial and storm water runoff from enterprises and industrial zones of the city); creation, operation and reclamation of waste landfills; consulting services in the field of waste management.
Development and adoption of a target development management program, which should be based on: analysis of the existing situation;
development of a system of legislative acts in the field of waste management, organizational measures, development of technical solutions for waste disposal, development of a financing scheme for the creation and operation of a waste management system will reduce the negative impact of generated waste on the environment and public health.
Literature A.A. Dreyer, A.N. Sachkov, K.S. Nikolsky, Yu.I. Marinin, A.V. Miro 1.
new “Solid industrial and household waste, their properties and processing”, 1997.
Municipal solid waste management. Separate collection and sorting 2.
waste disposal. European Community Project INTERREG IIIA, 2008.
3. www.europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/waste_management/in dex_fr.html.
Attahi K. Le problme des dchets Abidjan et son fondement historique, 4.
BNETD, Abidjan, 1995.
Aka Diby Marie Michele RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF IVORY COAST People’s friendship university of Russia Improving waste management technology with the reuse and recycling to developing countries is certainly very important and therefore is an impor tant environmental topic.
Akopdzhanyan A.G.
USING THE INDIVIDUAL ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT CALCULATOR AS AN INTEGRAL INDICATOR OF STUDENTS’ PERSONAL IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Stavropolsky State University [email protected] The individual ecological footprint allows the consumer to calculate how much natural resources used for the production of a particular product and the subsequent disposal of waste, thus each person can determine the magnitude of their “impact”
on the environment.
In 1992, Rees coined a new term, the ecological footprint (EF): “The ecological footprint is a measure of human impact on the environment... It is a unit of measurement by which we can determine the relationship between our needs and the volume of environmental resources , which we have in stock.”
The concept of ES was created in 1990 by Mathis Wackernagel and Wil liam Rees (University of British Columbia). The methodology for calculating the ecological footprint is prepared by the international organization Global Footprint Network. “Individual ecological footprint” calculators, which help consumers calculate how many natural resources are used to produce a particular product and subsequent waste disposal, are becoming increasingly widespread. Thus, each person can independently determine the magnitude of their “impact” on the environment. ES is expressed in conditional so-called global hectares (ggha), which reflects its own type of landscape pattern and vertical structure of the PTC (Fig. 3).
1 2 Fig. 3. Types of landscape designs spatial structure for three formations of periglacial PTC (see Fig. 1): 1 – spotted;
2 – large mosaic;
3 – banded For modern valley periglacial landscapes near a glacier, a fairly simple landscape pattern with a spotty arrangement of elementary landscapes within microlandscapes is usually typical. As you move away from the glacier, a coarse mosaic pattern begins to predominate, then an arcuate pattern caused by well preserved larger terminal moraines (Fig. 1). The alternation of these patterns is not always clearly visible in the periglacial landscapes of various glaciers.
This is due to the peculiarities of the position of glaciers, the nature and frequency of the impact of exogenous processes on periglacial landscapes, etc. Periglacial landscapes are characterized by the PTC of moraines of different ages and mudflow terraces, in varying degrees processed by erosion and permafrost processes.
We found that with distance from the glaciers, in relatively stable areas, there is a change from lichen heaths with the participation of alpine forbs, grass-forb alpine meadows, and forb-grass subalpine meadows with the participation of willow and birch. It should be noted that lichen and moss-lichen associations are widespread.
Peculiar glacial PTCs formed over a ten-year period (1997-2007) on the surface moraine of the Shkheld and Bashkar glaciers. Their features are: an “ice base” overlain by a layer of surface coarse moraine with a thickness of 10 cm to 5 m, fragmentary organically gravelly soils in crevices between blocks and sparse vegetation, represented by both herbaceous alpine and subalpine plant species, and woody forms (beyond cuts and pine trees), reaching 4 m in height.
Literature 1. Reteyum A.Yu. Earthly worlds. – M., Mysl, 1988. – 266 p.
2. Samoilova G.S., Absalomova I.A., Petrushina M.N. Mountain landscapes. Levels of spatial organization//Geography, society and environment. Functioning and current state landscapes. – M., Ed. house "Gorodets", 2004. - T 2. - P. 84 - Aleinikova A.M.
FEATURES OF THE LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE OF GLACIAL LANDSCAPES IN THE CENTRAL CAUCASUS People’s friendship university of Russia Landscape structure of the glacier PTC in Central Caucasus reflects the pecu liarities of their formation and development in the current climatic conditions.
Akhtyamova G.G., Yanin E.P., Tatsiy Yu.G.
CONTRIBUTION OF THE TECHNOGENIC FACTOR IN THE POLLUTION OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE Pakhra River BASIN WITH MERCURY Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry named after. IN AND. Vernadsky RAS [email protected] Mercury is an integral component of wastewater from industrialized urban areas. This is reflected in the composition of environmental components, incl. bottom sediments.
Environmental pollution with mercury, which is characterized by high toxicity, a variety of forms of migration, the specificity of their transformation in natural conditions, and an increased possibility of redistribution and bioconcentration in the environment, is becoming increasingly important.
Sources include landfills, dust emissions from industrial enterprises, and wastewater discharges. In rivers, mercury accumulates in bottom sediments. E quantitative indicators serve as an indicator of anthropogenic load and the state of the natural environment.
The influence of technogenesis on the mercury content in river bottom sediments can be considered using the example of our research.
The work was carried out within the river basin. Pakhra. According to its natural characteristics and economic significance, the Pakhra is considered a typical small river.
Samples (at least 300 g) were taken from the upper (0-20 cm) layer of bottom sediments with a plastic sampler, placed in linen bags, and dried in a well-ventilated room (with periodic kneading of the selected material).
The dried samples were sifted through a sieve with a hole diameter of 1 mm and distributed into paper bags.
The gross content of mercury in bottom sediments and sediment fractions was determined by the cold steam method. To determine the forms of mercury in sediments, the method of thermal decomposition of a sample was used. Since the yield of the most mobile forms of mercury is recorded at lower sample heating temperatures, we will consider the yield of mercury from bottom sediment samples in 5 temperature ranges, conditionally corresponding to the yield of the following forms of the metal: o C - very mobile, 100-200 oC - mobile, 200-300 °C - relatively stable, 300-400 °C - stable, 400 °C - very stable.
According to the data, mercury of anthropogenic origin is characterized by a significant release from the sample at low heating temperatures; the ratio of its presence in bottom sediments indicates the contribution of the anthropogenic factor to the formation of the composition of bottom sediments, which makes it possible to effectively assess the degree of environmental hazard of mercury anomalies.
In the industrially urbanized areas of the river basin under study, mercury is the leading element of technogenic geochemical associations of river sediments.
In the natural alluvium of the Pakhra River basin, the mercury content is 0.029 mg/kg. The contribution of the technogenic factor to the formation chemical composition bottom sediments of the river basin Pakhra is noted for its high concentration coefficient (Kc) of mercury in bottom sediments sampled within the cities of Podolsk, Klimovsk, Aprelevka, and Domodedovo airport (Table 1).
The maximum mercury content is recorded at the mouth of the Chrny stream, which serves as a receiver for industrial wastewater.
Podolsk
Elevated mercury contents in bottom sediments as a result of the influx of city wastewater are also observed 100 m from the stream.
High concentrations of the metal are observed in river sediments of the river. Petritsa is lower than Lvovsky village (Ks - 36.1). When leaving Klimovsk, the bottom sediments of the river. Petritsy contains mercury 10 times higher than its content in natural alluvium. In river sediments of the river. Svinorya below the town of Aprelevka Kc of mercury reaches 7.0. River sediments Muranikha below Domodedo airport, r. Likova downstream of Vnukovo airport also contains mercury in elevated concentrations (Kc – 6.4;
Ks – 5.2, respectively).
In bottom sediments of agricultural areas, the excess of mercury is insignificant (Table 1). The sources of mercury entering the river network here are broken down mercury-containing products, fertilizers applied to fields, and compound feed used in livestock farming. Increased concentrations of mercury in bottom sediments in the area of the village. Strelkovo is associated with its entry into the wastewater of a large complex located here for the sale of auto parts and car repairs.
From an environmental point of view, the form of occurrence of mercury in sediments of watercourses is of great importance.
Table Mercury in bottom sediments of the river basin Pakhra region is inhabited. point Water flow mercury, mg/kg Ks background Natural alluvium R. Zhodochi 0, Aprelevka R. Svinorya 0.202 Industrial-urbanized village Lvovsky Petritsa 1.046 36, Klimovsk Petritsa 0.298 10, Ruch. Chrny, 3.68 mouth of Ruch. Chrny, 3 m Podolsk 1.835 63, below the mouth of Ruch. Chrny, 0.182 6, 100 m below the mouth of Domodedo Aero R. Muranikha port 0.186 6, in Vnukovo R. Likova 0.152 5, p. Strelkovo district Pakhra 0.275 9, Agricultural
With. Dubrovitsy district Pakhra 0.053 1, village. Kuznetsovo district Lodyrka 0.076 2, During the thermal decomposition of samples of bottom sediments collected in industrial-urban areas, a high yield of mercury in mobile and relatively stable forms is recorded (Podolsk, Lvovsky, airport) (Fig. 1) compared with natural alluvium.
% III IV V II I Fig. 1 Mercury yield (in % of the shaft) at different sample heating temperature ranges Legend:
100 °C, 100 - 200 °C, 200 - 300 °C, 300 - 400 °C, 400 °C.
Sampling places: I - natural alluvium, II - Lodyrka river, Kuznetsovo, III Muranikha, Domodedovo airport, IV - Petritsa, Lvovsky village, V - mouth, stream. Cherny, Podolsk.
In agricultural areas, the proportion of these forms decreases.
So, on the river section Pakhra downstream of the wastewater discharge of the city of Podolsk (the mouth of the Chrnogo stream), the content of mobile forms of metal in bottom sediments is 31%, relatively stable - 60%.
Below Domodedovo airport, in the sediments of the river. Muranikha, the content of mobile forms of mercury reaches 40%, relatively stable forms – 47%, while in natural alluvium the total content of these forms does not exceed 35%. Natural alluvium is dominated by stable forms of metal. In general, in the background alluvium and in the bottom sediments of agricultural areas, the distribution of mercury release in different temperature intervals is uniform.
Technogenic impact leads not only to an increase in the absolute content of mercury, but also to a change in the ratio of its forms in river sediments. As part of wastewater from industrial and urban areas, mercury enters the river network and is concentrated in bottom sediments in mobile and relatively stable forms. High mercury content and increased content of geochemically active forms increase the importance of bottom sediments as a secondary source of pollution. Below the sources of pollution, bottom sediments are secondary sources of mercury entering the river network that are stable in time and space, which to some extent determine the state of the river basin. Pakhra and have a negative effect on the biota.
Literature Small rivers (Questions of geography, collection 118). - M.: Mysl, 1981. - 1.
Volokh A.A., Kolesov A.A. Chernova A.E. Determination of thermoforms of mercury 2.
by atomic absorption method // Geochemical studies of urban agglomerations. – M., IMGRE, 1998, p. 126- Zherebtsov Yu.D., Politikov M.I., Sikorsky V.Yu. Mouth technology 3.
tometric searches for ore deposits / Ed. F.P. Fedorchuk, M.: Nedra, 1992.
Karasik M.A., Kirikilitsa S.I., Gerasimova L.I. Atmogeochemical 4.
Russian methods of searching for ore deposits. – M., Nedra, Razenkova N.I., Volokh A.A. Types and forms of mercury in natural and anhydrous 5.
tropogenic objects // Ecological and geochemical problems of mercury. M:
IMGRE, 2000 – 180 p.
Novokreshchnov A.P., Volokh A.A. Possibility of using method 6.
determination of thermoforms of mercury in environmental monitoring // Ecological and geochemical problems of mercury. – M.: IMGRE, 2000 – 180 p.
Akhtyamova, G.G. Anthropogenic transformation of the composition of bottom sediments 7.
of the Pakhra River Basin (Moscow Region) / G. G. Akhtyamova // Meteorology and Hydrology. - 2009. - N 2. - P. 80- M Kabata-Pendias A., Pendias H. Microelements in soils and growth 8.
niyakh: Transl. from English – M.: Mir, 1989. – 439 p.
Criteria for the sanitary and hygienic state of the environment.
Issue 1. Mercury: Translated from English. – Geneva: WHO;
Moscow: Medicine, 1979. – 149 p.
Akhtyamova G.G., Yanin E.P., Tatsii Y.G.
A CONTRIBUTION OF MAN-CAUSED FACTOR TO POLLUTION OF GROUND SEDIMENT OF PAKHRA RIVER BASIN BY MERCURY Institute of geochemistry and analytical chemistry named V.I. Vernadsky of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Mercury is an integral component of sewage of the industrially-urbanized areas. Thus Mercury enter into environment components, including ground sediment Berzkin V.Yu.1, Baraboshkina T.A. 2, Rozanov V.B. COMPREHENSIVE ECOLOGICAL-GEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE TERRITORY OF THE KOSINO-UKHTOMSKY DISTRICT Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry RAS. IN AND. Vernadsky, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, Russian State Agrarian Correspondence University [email protected] The work is devoted to describing the improvement of the methodology of ecological-geological research. On modern stage, training a wide range of specialists, primarily geologists from Moscow universities, in ecological and geological assessment of the territory is not possible without conducting field practice in a special model area. The territory of the Kosino-Ukhtomsky district is proposed as such a model site, on the basis of Ecopolis-Kosino LLC, the legal successor of the Kosinsky Nature Reserve, operating there.
The development and establishment of environmental geology at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries brought to the fore the task of improving the methodology of ecological and geological research. Theoretical basis These problems are reflected in the works of Trofimov V.T., Ziling D.G. . One of the main final stages of complex ecological-geological research of territories is the creation of original ecological-geological maps, developed on the basis of the ecogeosystem approach and the doctrine of the ecological functions of the lithosphere. This direction is most clearly reflected in the works of V.T. Trofimova, D.G.
Zilinga, I.I. Kosinova, V.V. Kurylenko, T.A Baraboshkina, G.P. Yarotsky.
In the last decade, the method of comprehensive environmental-geological assessment has been tested by a team of authors on various natural sites, both within the territory of the Russian Federation and in the CIS countries. A series of ecological and geological maps has been created, both for natural (conditionally background) and for technogenically altered territories.
The authors see the introduction and improvement of educational ecological-geological practices for students of Moscow universities as one of the urgent tasks for the development of ecological-geological research, which allows them to train highly qualified personnel of geologists who are proficient in the method of ecological-geological assessment of the territory. It is quite obvious that in order to conduct educational practices, a training and scientific site is needed that satisfies the following requirements: detailed study of the territory (including geological structure), diversity of landscape structure and the presence of both conditionally background areas (for nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries) and technogenically transformed territories. An important component is the proximity to Moscow, which allows minimizing costs in the practice’s budget under the item “transportation costs.”
In this work, the territory of the Kosino-Ukhtomsky district, located in the eastern district of Moscow, on the outer side of the Moscow Ring Road, is proposed for consideration as a model area. The area is distinguished by a complex geological and hydrogeological situation, the presence of both urban and rural buildings, and is also home to the Kosinsky Natural and Historical Park, which was previously part of the Kosinsky Reserve - one of the first reserves created in Russia (1923) and, unfortunately, it has now lost this status (only the Kosinsky lakes have the status of protected areas today).
The Kosino territory is unique for the Moscow region - the presence of the Trkhozrya system (White, Black and Svyatoe lakes), which has the status of a specially protected natural area(Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Lake Beloye The terrain of the area is typical for the Moscow region: sandy and clayey hills and dry valleys, covered in places with forest. In the past, swampy lowlands were widespread, but today they are almost completely drained. The water balance of the lake reflects the ancient pre-glacial hydrographic network, the channels of Pramoskva (about a million years old).
On the “ecological maps” of Moscow, the Kosino-Ukhtomsky district is not listed in the “clean” section, but there is no accurate information on its current ecological state, since state monitoring is not carried out. Therefore, the Moscow authorities launched the construction of a new microdistrict in Kozhukhov next to the Nekrasovsky solid waste landfill - a time bomb (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. New microdistrict and Nekrasovsky solid waste landfill (2010).
At the same time, since 1985, the ecopolis-Kosino nature conservation club has been organizing numerous environmental assessments and studies in the region.
Since 2010, on the basis of the Ecopolis-Kosino club, an attempt has been made to public principles conducting summer field practices for environmental students of the Russian State Social University (rector - Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.I. Zhukov) and the Russian Peoples' Friendship University (rector - ex-Minister of Education V.M. Filipov).
Thus, the territory of Kosino, in our opinion, satisfies the basic conditions of the set scientific and practical task: the introduction and improvement of educational environmental and geological practices for students of Moscow universities.
To implement this project and achieve the set goal, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive ecological and geological assessment of the model site. During the field period of summer 2011, it is planned to carry out sampling of soils, quaternary sediments, vegetation, surface and groundwater, measurements of the most important geophysical parameters (gamma background, noise, vibration, etc.), research of ecological and geodynamic conditions and natural resources territories. The results obtained will be entered into a single GIS database (ArcGis 9.2), on the basis of which it is planned to construct a series of maps of ecological and geological content. Subsequent analysis of the maps will make it possible to assess the quality of the resource of the geological space of the Kosino territory and give direct economic recommendations, and in addition, develop the main routes and complex educational tasks for summer internships for students of Moscow universities.
Literature 1. Berzkin V.Yu. Ecological and geological assessment of the resource quality of the geological space of the river basin. Bodrak. Abstract for the academic degree of Ph.D. n., M: MSU, 2007 – 24 p.
2. Bulletin of the Moscow Garbage Man association, independent publication, No. 4 2004, P. 6.
3. Serebrovskaya K.B. Kosinskoye Trkhozrie is one of the fresh water wells on the planet, M: UNESCO Club “Ecopolis-Kosino”, 2004, p.
4. Trofimov V.T., Ziling D.G., Baraboshkina T.A. and others. Ecological geological maps. SPb.: Publishing house St. Petersburg. Univ., 2002. 132 p.
5. Trofimov V.T. Ziling D.G. Environmental Geology. M.: Geoinform mark, 2002, 415 p. 6. Trofimov V.T., Ziling D.G. Ecological functions of the lithosphere/Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser.4., Geology, 1997, No. 5, pp. 33-45.
7. Trofimov V.T., Ziling D.G., Krasilova N.S. Conceptual foundations of ecological-geological mapping // Vestn. Moscow un-ta. Ser.
4. 1998. No. 5. P. 61-8. Proceedings of the second interuniversity conference on the results of educational practices. Geology. Ecology. – Ed. Prof. Skaryatina V.D. M.: Al tex, 2010, 120 p.
Beryozkin V.U.1, Baraboshkina T.A. 2, Rosanov V.B. THE COMPLETE ECOLOGY-GEOLOGY ESTIMATION OF TERRITORY OF REGION “KOSINO-UCHTOMSKIY” Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian State Agricultural Distance University The article describes observation the method of ecology-geological estimation of territory . The method of find and preparation info and creation of maps was build. However, learning and studying new specialist engineering and ecologi cal geology’s wasn’t without field-work in special field-base. The authors of this text will be observant the territory of Moscow region “Kosino Uchtomskiy” for this purpose.
Bognyukova S.S.1, Belyaeva Yu.L. COMBINED ALGORITHM FOR DISPOSAL OF MENTAL AND MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Volgograd State Technical University, Volgograd Ecological Academy, Volgograd The current tasks of environmental management today are: rational use of natural resources and land, achieving a minimum level of environmental pollution when performing waste processing activities.
There are already a number of developed methods that answer the question of what to do with waste: storage in sanitary landfills, pressing and storage in landfills (for example, the Imabe system), incineration (including high-temperature, which is much more efficient and safer, than conventional combustion), sorting and processing, etc. Only a few enterprises try to combine some of these methods.
Municipal solid waste is mostly recycled, but, however, accounts for only 1% of what is actually produced daily (and this is mainly industrial waste, which is much more difficult to recycle than solid waste).
Table Comparative analysis of waste management strategies Strategy Advantages Disadvantages 1) Pollution of the environment 1) Relatively low environmental costs by components of stored waste disposal in bathtubs 2) Provide for the placement of sanitary facilities 2) Difficulty in organizing a wide range of waste in new landfills 3) Possibility of further 3 ) Large costs for trans-reclamation of sites and porting 1) High level of materials 1) preservation of natural resource and energy costs for owl collection, transportation and sorting 2) reduction of waste volumes, removal Processing of materials subject to storage 2) Environmental pollution 3) raw material supply for production environment (depending on the method) production 3) Not all components are recyclable Today, it is obvious that there is no single preferential strategy for recycling solid waste. The choice of the optimal waste management path is based on environmental, resource and economic requirements. The best way to mitigate the disadvantages of each of the individual methods is to create a waste disposal system based on the principle of a combination of strategies.
A combined algorithm for recycling industrial and solid household waste is proposed (see Fig. 1), which is our contribution to this work. In our opinion, such an algorithm will make it possible to solve the problem of rational use of natural resources (including recycling of resources), as well as rational use of land and achieving a minimum level of environmental pollution when performing waste processing activities.
Rice. 1. Block diagram of the combined waste processing algorithm.
From the above, it was concluded that there are a number of advantages for the enterprise provided by this method. Namely: 1) the enterprise requires a landfill of a smaller area for the same service life;
2) the enterprise can not buy a significant part of the resources, but use resources obtained at other stages of waste disposal, and it also requires significantly less transportation costs;
3) the enterprise does not spend money on complete re-equipment, but only partially constructively changes the production process for little money.
Literature 1. Smetanin V.I. Protection of the environment from production and consumption waste. – M.: Publishing house KoloS, 2003. – 230 p.
Bognukova S.S., Belyaeva J.L.
A COMBINIRED ALGORITM OF RECYCLING INDUSTRIAL AND FIRM HOUSEHOLD RESIDUALS Volgograd state technical university Ecology academy The natural resources, as is known, can be settled and inexhaustible, re new and not renew, however all are equally important for mankind. Therefore important and urgent tasks for today are: rational use of natural resources, rational use of ground areas and achievement of a minimum level of pollution of environmental natural environment at performance recycling of activity.
Varkovich K.Ch., Romanovsky V.I.
GRINDING OF SPENT ION EXCHANGE MATERIALS IN A SUPERCAVITATING INSTALLATION Belarusian State Technological University, Minsk [email protected] The article shows the relevance of recycling waste network polymers, most of which are currently not recycled.
The results of the study of mechanochemical processing of waste ion exchange resins using a static supercavitating installation are presented. The dispersed composition of the obtained materials, the sorption capacity for dye ions and the zeta potential of the particles were determined. The main directions of use of the obtained products have been determined.
The problem of processing industrial and consumer waste containing synthetic polymers is one of the most pressing in the Republic of Belarus. During operation, the composition and properties of polymers change little, which allows them to be considered as secondary raw materials. Involvement of waste into economic circulation as secondary raw materials provides an effective solution to the problems of resource conservation and environmental protection, i.e. will have a positive economic and environmental effect.
There are a number of polymer materials, the recycling of which is difficult, and therefore they are stored in industrial and municipal solid waste landfills. These include waste containing network polymers. The generation of the main types of mesh polymer waste in Belarus in 2009 is presented in Fig. 1.
Rice. 1. Generation of mesh polymer waste in Belarus per year, t/year.
The figure shows that the main contribution to environmental pollution comes from elastic polyurethane waste, other polyurethane foam and polyurethane waste, as well as ion-exchange waste resins of the VP-1AP brand.
A real alternative to the disposal of waste containing network polymers can be mechanochemical and thermochemical processing, provided that the resulting products are used. Waste containing network polymers includes spent synthetic ion-exchange materials, the largest amount of which is formed during water treatment.
Spent synthetic ion exchangers have not been considered as secondary raw materials until now. However, such properties of spent ion exchangers as sufficient sorption capacity, identical chemical composition to the composition of water-soluble polyelectrolytes, which are effective flocculants, etc., indicate the prospects of their use for obtaining various products suitable for use in wastewater treatment technology in as sorbents and coagulants. Mechanochemical processing can be considered as one of the methods for obtaining such materials, which can ensure the production of products with a given degree of dispersion and certain surface properties.
Hydrodynamic supercavitating devices are promising for dispersing materials; their operating principle is as follows. With a sharp decrease in pressure due to the appearance of high local velocities in the liquid flow (hydrodynamic cavitation), cavities (continuity discontinuities) are formed in the droplet liquid, filled with gas, steam or a mixture of them, upon the collapse of which (microexplosions), shock waves and directed (cumulative) micro jets. For example, when the cross-section of a pipeline narrows with subsequent expansion or when a liquid flows around various obstacles (cones, spheres, plates, etc.).
In the latter case, a large cavity is formed behind the fairing - a super- or supercavity, along the periphery of which, mainly in the tail part, a field of collapsing cavitation bubbles is formed.
In general, supercavitating hydrodynamic devices, based on their operating principle, are divided into: static – with fixed working bodies;
dynamic - with rotating working bodies;
jet - with jet cavitators;
combined – consisting of various combinations of the first three types. The working parts of such devices are often installed in specially profiled flow sections (for example, like Venturi, Laval nozzles, etc.).
The experimental hydrodynamic supercavitating installation was a closed circulation loop (Fig. 2). It consisted of container 1, from which, using a centrifugal pump 2, liquid was pumped from the suction section of pipeline 3. Cavitators 5 were mounted in the horizontal section of the discharge pipeline 4, in the form of separate inserts. The cavitator was a nozzle in the diffuser of which a conical fairing of a special configuration was installed. The design was created on the basis of previously developed mathematical models and operating experience of similar devices.
One of the main advantages of such devices is that, under certain conditions, it is possible to create a regime where all the energy of the cavitation effect is directed directly to the destruction of the material being processed, without erosion of the working surfaces of the equipment. Next, the liquid is returned to container 1. The cycle is repeated a certain number of times. The installation was equipped with instruments for regulation, control and measurement of all necessary parameters.
Rice. 2. Static supercavitating installation 1 – container;
2 – centrifugal pump;
3 – suction section of the pipeline;
4 – injection section of the pipeline;
5 – cavitator.
The purpose of the research was to study the dispersed composition and surface properties of the resulting materials.
It has been established that grinding is accompanied by mechanochemical destruction; the availability of functional groups increases, which leads to an increase in the sorption rate.
The object of research is spent anion exchanger AV-17-8 and cation exchanger KU-2–8. The largest amount of which is formed in water treatment processes in various enterprises and thermal power plant. Currently, they are not used and are placed in municipal solid waste landfills or departmental landfills.
The study of the physicochemical properties of spent ion exchangers and the products of their mechanochemical treatment was carried out using proven methods using modern research methods and the latest equipment.
Experimental techniques. Grinding of a 10% aqueous suspension of spent ion exchangers was carried out in a static supercavitating installation. The residence time of raw materials in the working area of the apparatus is 1 s. Liquid speed in local resistance is up to 20 m/s at a pressure of 200 kPa.
The study of the dispersed composition of anion exchangers after their mechanochemical treatment was carried out using microphotographic analysis. The dispersed composition is assessed for a sample containing at least 500 particles. Operational control is carried out by dividing the obtained material into three fractions.
The first fraction is sediment after settling a 5% aqueous suspension of crushed ion exchange resin for 10 minutes, the second is centrate, the third is sediment after centrifugation (5000 min-1 for min).
The sorption capacity was determined by the sorption of dyes from aqueous solutions. To determine PSOE by dye sorption, a sample of a certain mass (m = 0.05 g) was filled with an aqueous solution (V = 20 ml) containing a certain amount of dye. The dye concentration was found using the photocolorimetric method (on RAR-3) according to the calibration graph D=f(Ckp).
Zeta potential was determined by microelectrophoresis.
Research results. The dependence of the specific energy costs for grinding a gram of spent ion exchanger is presented in Figure 3. The characteristics of the resulting material are presented in Table 1.
Rice. 3. Specific energy consumption for dispersing the material Processing time has a significant impact on the absolute value of the zeta potential of the dispersed particles of the fraction.
The median particle diameter after 20 minutes of treatment was 62 μm for the anion exchanger, and 47 μm for the cation exchanger. The zeta potential values for particles with a size of 5 μm were 24.8 and 17.4 mV, respectively, for the anion exchanger and the cation exchanger. The total static exchange capacity for the crushed anion exchange resin was 1350 mg/g, for the cation exchange resin – 520 mg/g.
The research results indicate that crushed waste ion exchangers represent a promising material for use in the process of wastewater treatment.
Scope of application of the obtained materials: chemical and other industries, municipal and industrial wastewater treatment facilities.
Varkovich K.Ch., Romanovski V.I.
CRUSHING USED-UP ION-EXCHANGE MATERIALS IN SU PERCAVITATION INSTALLATION The Belarusian state technological university, Minsk In article the urgency of processing of a waste of the mesh polymers, which majority are not processed is shown Results on research mechanochem ical processings of a waste ion -exchange pitches with use static supercavitation installations are presented. The disperse structure of the received materials, sorption capacity on ions of dyes and dzeta-potential of particles is defined.
The basic directions of use of the received products are defined.
Vasilyeva E.Yu., Rasskazov A.A.
CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF GEOECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SPRINGS (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF SERGIEVO POSAD DISTRICT OF THE MOSCOW REGION) Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow The article presents the results of clustering a series of springs according to geo-ecological characteristics. This approach allows us to optimize measures to study and protect spring waters from anthropogenic pollution.
Classification of objects at the initial stage of geoecological research allows not only to significantly facilitate subsequent data processing procedures, but also to prepare the basis for setting monitoring tasks and carrying out environmental protection measures. Cluster analysis methods make it possible to identify groups (clusters) of objects, taking into account the entire complex of studied characteristics.
We used a similar approach when studying the geoecological features of the formation of spring waters in the Sergiev Posad region.
Analysis of a series of springs (28 objects) was carried out using 16 indicators: physical indicators ( average annual temperature, flow rate);
chemical indicators (pH, total hardness, nitrates, chlorides, sulfates, total iron, heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd), petroleum products);
microbiological indicators (CFU);
geo-ecological characteristics (landscape type (residential, agricultural, recreational), drainage condition (satisfactory/unsatisfactory)).
At the first stage, the “Euclidean distance” between the features was determined using the following formula:
d ij xik x jk v k 1 where dij is the distance between the i-th and j-th objects, xik is the numerical value of the k-th variable for the i-th object, xjk is the numerical value of the k-th variable for the j-th object, v is the number of variables that describe objects.
Based on the data obtained, a matrix of intercluster distances was compiled. Further, to form groups, the Statistica 5.0 program was used, in which hierarchical agglomerative methods for forming clusters were implemented.
To compile groups of objects, the single link method was chosen.
As a result of the analysis, three significantly different clusters were obtained (Fig. 1). The reference points of groups C1, C2 and C3 are springs Nos. 3, 22, 20, respectively.
Thus, the springs were classified into three groups:
Group 1 – heavily polluted (springs No. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 24, 26, 27, 28), confined mainly to residential areas territories.
Group 2 – springs with an average degree of pollution, located in agricultural areas.
Group 3 – conditionally clean springs, confined to areas with a recreational type of geoecological conditions.
Rice. 1. Clustering dendrogram of 28 objects (Euclidean distance, single connection) The closer the objects (springs) are united, the more similar their properties are according to the selected set of characteristics. The largest cluster C1 consists of 17 objects. The springs of this group are confined mainly to urban areas, characterized by high technogenic load and periodic excess of MPC values for both chemical and microbiological indicators. The springs that make up this cluster are quite different in their characteristics from the springs of the other two groups (intercluster distance 125.9). At the same time, clusters No. 2 and 3 are much closer to each other (intercluster distance 76.1).
Thus, the springs were grouped according to physicochemical, microbiological and geoecological characteristics.
Such a classification, which takes into account not only the characteristics of springs, but also the geoecological conditions of the formation of the waters feeding them, makes it possible to adjust the tasks of studying and protecting springs within the framework of ongoing environmental measures.
Literature 1. Belousova A.P. Groundwater quality. Modern approaches to assessment. M.: Nauka, 2001. – pp. 45-58.
2. J. Davis. Statistics and analysis of geological data. M.: Mir, 1977. – pp. 38-45.
E.U. Vasilieva, A.A. Rasskov SPRINGS CLUSTERING BY GEOECOLOGICAL ASPECTS (BY THE EXAMPLE OF MOSCOW REGION) People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow The geoecological features of a territory play a key role in groundwater protection from the surface pollution. In the article the results of spring clustering by geoecological aspects are stated. The complex approach enables to optimize the actions for spring water pollution prevention.
Gagen-Thorn O.Ya., Kostyleva V.V.
ABOUT THE ECOLOGICAL THREAT TO WETLANDS AND CLINT AREA ON THE SOUTH COAST OF THE GULF OF FINNISH Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences [email protected] The consequences of anthropogenic influence on the ecological system of the southern part of the Gulf of Finland within the environmental protection site of international importance are considered.
Environmental problems have become an integral part of the life of modern people and society. Many researchers strive to solve environmental problems using a purely scientific approach - conducting various tests of water, soil, air, maximum permissible concentrations of heavy metals at the bottom of reservoirs, counting the number of cut down trees, endangered birds and animals. This solves specific problems, but does not eliminate the causes of destruction and death of ecosystems as a whole.
One of the dying ecosystems may soon be the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland in the area of the Kronstadt section of the ring road (Ring Road). This includes coastal wetlands, including the Lebyazhiy nature reserve, dunes and unique pine forests of the glint region.
The Convention on Wetlands was signed in the Iranian city of Ramsar on February 2, 1971. This date is celebrated as World Wetlands Day. States that have signed the Ramsar Convention identify suitable sites within their territory for inclusion in the List of Wetlands of International Importance and undertake to promote the protection of wetlands and waterfowl and ensure adequate supervision of them. Russia (as part of the USSR) joined the Ramsar Convention in 1976. Currently, 35 territories and water areas of the country have been declared wetlands of international importance, including the Lebyazhiy nature reserve.
The southern coast of the Gulf of Finland in the area of the new part of the Ring Road is one of the “hot spots” of the territory protected by the Ramsar Convention. We are talking about the construction of a large cargo seaport within the territories protected by the Convention.
The economic interest of the city can be realized not only through the construction of a cargo port. Perhaps, much more profitable and important for the city is the creation of a zone of national and international ecological tourism.
An example of a negative impact on the coastal zone of the bay is Coal Harbor (an artificial harbor in the southwest of St. Petersburg with numerous berths, port facilities and factory buildings). For more than ten years, endless rows of rusting cargo containers have littered the shore and polluted the waters of the bay, turning it into a multi-kilometer “dump.” The same fate is inevitable for the coast in the Ring Road area.
In addition, one cannot ignore the geological factor when constructing a cargo port, since the area of the proposed construction is located in a zone of neotectonic activity.
This will significantly increase construction costs and indirectly increase the load on the fragile ecosystem previously disturbed by the construction of the Kronstadt dam.
The dam itself has long become the talk of the town in terms of the number of environmental crimes. This includes disruption of the water regime of the bay with changes in coastal currents, erosion of sandy beaches, and destruction for construction purposes of the unique biota of the London Bank, which is a spawning site for several species of commercial fish. As a result, the historical fishing activities of the local population are being eliminated. Small fishing state farms, which provided work and food to people, including townspeople, have practically disappeared. Many fishing villages, especially those of disappearing small peoples, have become deserted, and residents are forced to look for work in the cities. And this goes beyond the scope of environmental activities.
Another example of ill-conceived economic activity of the district administration is the extraction of sand in the glint region adjacent to the wetlands (Ordovician plateau) - an area with unstable flat-glacial topography. Here, in the raised swamps, rivers flowing into the Gulf of Finland originate. So, around the Tamengontskoe raised bog, significant tracts of pine forest are cut down and a quarry with an area of 12 hectares is dug for sand extraction. Felled trees, felled by a skidder, form rubble that remains to rot in the forest, which negatively affects the ecosystem as a whole.
In conclusion, it is important to note that environmental organizations need to carry out educational work among the population, explaining the possible catastrophic consequences of littering forests and beaches for the nature of the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland.
References 1. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar, 2 February 1971). http://www.greenworld.org.ru 2. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 13, 1994
3. Encyclopedia of St. Petersburg: http://www.encspb.ru 4. Yaduta V.A. The latest tectonics of St. Petersburg, Leningrad region. http://www.mineral-journal.ru Gagen-Torn O.Y., Kostyleva V.V.
ON THE ECOLOGICAL THREAT ON WETLANDS IN THE GLINT AREA AT THE SOUTHERN COAST OF THE GULF OF FINLAND Geological Institute of RAS The article examines consequences of human influence on the ecologic system within the environmental object of international importance. The object is located in the southern part of the Gulf of Finland.
Golubchikov S.N.
CHANGES IN HYDROECOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LANDSCAPE IN THE CENTER OF THE RUSSIAN PLAIN AS A RESULT OF CENTURIES OF FOREST USE Branch of the Russian State Social University in Dedovsk, Moscow Region Based on long-term stationary forest-hydrological and historical archival research, centuries-old human forestry activities are analyzed, the result of which was repeated changes understanding of hydroecological situations in the Center of Russian plains.
This report is based on long-term results experimental observations Istrinsky and other hospitals, on the basis of which an attempt was made to empirically generalize historical and archival materials, analyze published works on the environment-forming role of forests, anthropogenic impact on runoff from small catchment areas and small rivers. This made it possible to try to connect the results of long-term stationary forest-hydrological observations with historical and archival materials. Such a landscape-historical approach will make it possible to assess the consequences of centuries-old forest management, and to evaluate the human contribution to changing the structure of landscapes, which is comparable to the action of natural forces.
The transformation of forest cover in the Center of the Russian Plain began with the arrival of the tribes of the Fatyanovo culture another 2-3 thousand years ago.
years BC With their appearance, a transition began from an appropriating to a producing economy, which led to deforestation of the floodplains where they settled. Here, natural reforestation became impossible and the floodplains of almost all the rivers of the Center of the Russian Plain, under constant human influence, became the first anthropogenic landscape. Before the arrival of the Fatyanovo people, they were 80–90% covered with broad-leaved forests with oak, elm, ash, linden, and maple, which prevented high floods. It was this circumstance that allowed Bronze Age man to settle near rivers and develop the fertile soils of floodplains. Long-term grazing of livestock in floodplain forests led to the destruction of forests and increased frequency of spring floods.
With the Slavicization of the Center of the Russian Plain (11-12 centuries AD), active plowing of soils for grain and leguminous crops began, and a transition to three-field crops (spring-fallow-winter crops) with access to the interfluve plains began. The Slavs began to actively develop forests, and beekeeping developed in the linden forests. In the 13th-17th centuries. The transformation of small rivers was also influenced by beaver hunting. River dams created by beavers prevented high floods and regulated river flow, which helped people develop floodplains. By the beginning of the 19th century.
The beaver in the Moscow region was completely destroyed.
The impact on the nature of the Moscow region has increased noticeably in the century. due to a sharp increase in population and with the expansion of the three-shelf and fallow lands. Under Ivan the Terrible, the area under cultivation was higher than today, and forest cover did not exceed 20-30%. Large tracts of fields existed for a long time and have survived to this day (for example, in the Shakhovsky and Volokolamsky districts).
The consequence of rapid agricultural development and clearing of indigenous forests was the expansion of fallow lands, arable lands, dry hayfields and pastures, and the area of meadows was several times greater than the area of arable land (a consequence of the fallow farming system). As a result, the stage of forest soil formation in the 17th-18th centuries.
was replaced by turf meadow-steppe. It can be assumed that such a large-scale transformation of land in the south of the forest zone led to an increase in spring runoff (due to greater freezing of meadow-steppe soils (this is the time of the “Little Ice Age” in Europe) compared to forest ones and a reduction in dry runoff, which a decrease in the groundwater level also led to the drying up of springs (observations in the Kamennaya Steppe in 1892). Note that high level groundwater levels mitigated the unevenness of precipitation in the forest-steppe; with its decrease, the occurrence of droughts became more significant, and downpours, which did not occur in the conditions of forest basins destructive force, with deforestation of watersheds, they have become a powerful factor in erosion and gully formation.
By the beginning of the 17th century. the forest cover of many western districts of Muscovy decreased to 10%, but after the Polish-Lithuanian invasion (the population of the Western Moscow region then decreased by 4-10 times, it turned into a continuous cemetery) and the events of the Time of Troubles, 85-90% of the arable land turned out to be abandoned, which began to be overgrown small forests and shrubs. Due to this, the forest cover of the Moscow province by the middle of the 17th century. rose to 48% and remained so until 1861. Consequences of the Time of Troubles until the end of the 17th century. were reflected in the appearance of the Moscow region landscape, which began to be dominated by small-leaved forests on abandoned arable lands, wastelands and hayfields, many of which were subject to irreversible waterlogging, which is partly preserved to this day.
Much hardwood forest was used to burn charcoal for metallurgy until the end of the 19th century. which did not know coke (Morozov factories of the early 18th century in the lower reaches of the Istra River), production of potash for export. But by the end of the 18th century. In order to save forests, it was necessary to close the factories of boyar B.I. Morozov in Zvenigorod district. By this time, apparently, in the Moscow region there were no longer any two-girth pines suitable for obtaining potash, as well as juniper pine forests along the floodplain of the Moscow River, which were noted in the “Historical and topographical description of the cities of the Moscow province” in 1787. Huge the amount of wood consumed by frequently burning Moscow, which was consumed annually at the beginning of the 19th century.
Moscow 800 thousand fathoms (about 6 million m) of firewood.
The forest cover of the Moscow province in 1787 was 38% (a third of the forests were “combat” coniferous and broad-leaved forests, and the rest was occupied by “wood” forests), plowed area was 47%, 10% was under hayfields.
In the 18th-19th centuries. The species composition of forests has changed greatly. The increasing needs of the population for linden bark (a peasant wore out up to 45 pairs of bast shoes per year) led to the almost universal disappearance of linden in densely populated areas, and light-loving pine began to take its place. A detailed analysis of the species composition of forests in the Moscow province at the end of the 18th century. is contained in a major archival summary (description for 10 counties, more than 2400 sheets in total!) “A general and complete description of the Moscow province in its current newly established state” (RGVIA, VUA fund, No. 18861). For example, it mentions oak forests in Vereisky district along the rivers Nezhenka, Zakharyinka, Kholmovka, Dorohovka, Kremnishna, Chernishna, Lopasnya, Pesochenka, Molodnya, Molodisk, Bobrovka, Khlevenka, Protochinka, Bolshaya Loschikha, Rodovka, Sokhinka, in Zvenigorodsky in the district - along the rivers Plyasenka, Moscow, Vyazema, Istra, Sinitsa, Rudenka, Samynka, Sosenka, Litovka, Desne, Zdera, etc. Now in these places not only oak forests have disappeared, but also many of the small rivers listed here. Active plowing contributed to erosion and gully formation: by the end of the 18th century. In general terms, a ravine network is being formed, especially in the Zaoksky districts and in the Moskvoretsko-Oka interfluve. An analysis of maps and general survey plans shows the existence of almost all the main gullies and ravines at the end - mid-18th century.
We are inhabitants of planet Earth. But, unfortunately, people do not always remember that they live on a relatively small ball, from which there is simply no way to escape. Therefore, maintaining normal living conditions plays an extremely important role for the successful life of humanity. Therefore, the topic of our conversation today will be a discussion of the relevance of environmental problems in modern conditions. Let’s clarify whether there are environmental problems or not...
The presence of global environmental problems is a serious threat to all humanity modern world. Today, the main task for people should be to preserve nature for many years, for future generations.
problem environmental disasters should be considered very relevant, because the survival of humanity actually depends on their solution, or better yet, prevention. Today, the influence of people on the world is already at alarming levels. In the modern world, forests are being cut down, the biosphere, which assimilates solar energy, is being destroyed, humanity is barbarously exploiting natural resources, creating a lot of harmful emissions and discharges. All kinds of production waste and the consequences of consumption lead to disruption of the ecological and energy balance on the Planet, which is why global changes are taking place on Earth, which are becoming more noticeable every year.
In Russia, the situation with environmental protection is at a rather alarming level. Indeed, for many years the level of air pollution has been literally catastrophic. Thus, in 2015, more than thirty-two million tons of pollutants entered the air. All these particles settled in plants, soil, and groundwater, causing harm to nature, as well as to the health of readers of Popular About Health.
As for the annual volume of waste generation, this figure in Russia has already exceeded five billion tons per year and continues to systematically increase, which is why about a million hectares of our country’s territories are completely unsuitable for various economic activities.
Today, on the territory of the Russian Federation there are a lot of territories of the present environmental disaster associated with the production of various minerals. So, for example, active development of copper-nickel deposits located in Voronezh region(or rather in the Novokhopersky district) can have a detrimental effect on the biodiversity of the Khopersky Nature Reserve.
There are a lot of unfavorable points today in the Chelyabinsk region. Here the level of environmental pollution reaches its maximum. Almost sixty percent of the region is polluted with heavy metals, the air is systematically polluted by more than six hundred industrial enterprises, and about three million tons of aggressive substances are released into the atmosphere per year, including especially dangerous particles represented by mercury, lead, chromium, manganese and various carcinogenic components.
The situation with the discharge of wastewater into water bodies is extremely catastrophic; about nine hundred million cubic meters per year flow into rivers every year. At the same time, in many cities and large populated areas There are absolutely no treatment facilities; therefore, feces end up in water bodies or directly on the terrain. And they have not been there for many years and there are no plans to build them due to lack of funding. So, in such conditions, the relevance of environmental protection on the territory of the Russian Federation is obvious. Nature needs protection!
And these are just a few examples of the destructive impact of humans on the environment. And all the aggressive influence violates the health of people in the modern world, and the negative consequences will be more and more pronounced every year. So, today, on our planet, almost four million children a year die from acute respiratory infections, the development of which is closely related to air pollution, both indoors and outdoors. About three million more a year die from diarrhea, which is caused by a lack of clean drinking water, as well as insufficiently favorable sanitary conditions.
IN developing countries three and a half to five million people experience acute pesticide poisoning every year, and many more more people- with other, less strong, but still very dangerous poisonings.
Approximately one hundred million inhabitants of Europe and North America today suffers from air pollution, which is very difficult to control. And in industrialized countries, the number of people with asthma is increasing every year, which is directly related to exposure to aggressive environmental factors.
In addition, the excessive use of fertilizers has already led to the destruction of many coastal exosystems, which is manifested by the proliferation of harmful algae and the extinction of fish. Therefore, the aggressive influence of humans on the environment may in the future lead to the extinction of many still popular representatives of flora and fauna, and to a significant limitation of the human diet.
On a global scale and with modern attitudes, when it is not “man for Nature, but Nature for man,” approaches to production, the unsuitable conditions it creates and environmental problems persist and worsen.
To preserve the environment and to improve it, a whole range of measures are needed that have different directions. An extremely important role is assigned to law enforcement and environmental authorities, regulatory and supervisory authorities, and public environmental organizations. All these structures must work in close interconnection.
At the same time, issuing laws and decrees is completely insufficient; they must be implemented and monitored at all levels. It is worth noting that the activities of public environmental organizations and other civil associations play an important role in reducing the negative impact of humans on the environment. Therefore, even one person can be useful to nature and help preserve it for future generations.
Lecture No. 1
Subject: Introduction
1. Environmental management and its problems.
2. Types of environmental management.
3. Rational and irrational use of natural resources.
Environmental management and its problems
The problem of human interaction with nature is an eternal and at the same time modern problem. After all, humanity is connected with the natural environment by its origin, existence and future. Man is an element of nature, part complex system"nature - society". Humanity satisfies many of its needs (biological, resource, spiritual) at the expense of nature.
Humanity satisfies its needs through various types of activities. Modern economic activity leads to significant negative changes in the environment. Global environmental problems have become a reality today, threatening the very existence of humanity. The most important reasons for their occurrence are considered to be the growth of the Earth's population and an unprecedented increase in the scale of production. In many regions, a priority role in the structure of production is given to environmentally exploitative industries.
The development of agriculture, transport, and urban growth also often create negative environmental consequences for humans.
What are these consequences? Scientists distinguish at least three types of them:
1) resource-economic (depletion of natural resources);
2) natural landscape (reduction in species diversity, degradation of natural landscapes);
3) anthropo-ecological (deterioration of human health).
Humanity's awareness of these consequences, especially the dependence of the health of each person on the preservation of the natural environment, has forced us to take a different look at the problem of nature conservation.
The problem of interconnected study of ways to involve natural resources in human economic activity and measures to restore, transform and protect wildlife, resources and surrounding a person environment. A new complex is working on this problem. scientific field knowledge that has practical significance is environmental management.
The term “environmental management” was proposed not so long ago. It was first introduced Yu. N. Kurazhskovsky in 1958. Significant contributions to the development of environmental management ideas were made by V. A. Anuchin, I. P. Gerasimov, N. F. Reimers, V. S. Preobrazhensky and others. In the light of modern ideas, environmental management includes:
1) extraction and processing of natural resources, their renewal or reproduction;
2) use and protection of natural conditions of the living environment;
3) conservation and reproduction, rational change in the ecological balance of natural systems of the biosphere.
Nature management- this is a type of relationship between society and nature in which the process of extracting the beneficial properties of nature occurs. The sources of knowledge about the properties of nature are the natural sciences, and the public sciences about the needs of society. Therefore, it is possible to solve problems of environmental management only by knowing and taking into account the laws and patterns of natural and social sciences.
Types of environmental management
The variety of areas of human activity to extract the beneficial properties of nature is conditionally grouped into various types of environmental management: resource, sectoral, territorial. When studying sectoral and resource environmental management, problems associated with changes in the natural environment that arise as a result of the use of resources in the material and intangible spheres are considered. The most important tasks of these types of environmental management include the development of ways to optimize the use of natural resources. The predominant development of these types of environmental management, especially sectoral, has led to significant contradictions between the objectively existing integrity of the human earthly environment and the established dominance of sectoral interests and approaches to the use of natural resources.
Therefore, in modern conditions, it is important to transition from a multi-sectoral summary use of resources to their integrated exploitation, provided that conditions for human life are preserved.
The implementation of this idea is possible in a specific territory. After all, each individual territory may have its own most effective ways of using resources and environmental conditions. These problems are being studied territorial environmental management. The individuality of natural complexes does not allow the transfer of environmental management technology successfully used in one territory to another. With such a mechanical transfer, the effect can be negative. The situation, and with it the approaches and technology, must change from place to place. When developing territorial environmental management programs, the main regional components are identified - natural resource and production potentials.
Anthropogenic impact on the environment
Remember what is called the anthropogenic factor.
Anthropogenic changes include those types of changes in the environment that are caused by the life and activities of people.
Human impact on nature intensified as the population grew and the forms of its activities became more complex. Over time, anthropogenic impact has become global.
Over time, pristine natural landscapes were replaced by anthropogenic ones. There are practically no territories not affected by human activity. Where his foot has not gone before, the products of his activity reach with air currents, atmospheric, river and groundwater. The depth of anthropogenic changes in nature is also influenced by the properties of the landscape, its stability, and ability to self-heal. These properties of the landscape played a big role not only in its own destiny, but also in the development of human society.
So, at present, anthropogenic and modified landscapes are widespread on Earth, which differ in the depth of changes and in origin.
Human influence on the environment and landscapes can be destructive, stabilizing and constructive.
Destructive - destructive- the impact leads to a loss, often irreparable, of the riches and qualities of the natural environment for which the territory was developed.
Stabilizing effect- this impact is targeted. It is preceded by the awareness of an environmental threat to a specific landscape - a field, a forest, a beach, a green landscape of cities. Actions are aimed at slowing down destruction (destruction).
Constructive Impact(for example, reclamation) is a purposeful action, its result should be the restoration of the disturbed landscape.
Forecast and forecasting.
What is forecasting and forecasting? During different periods of the development of society, the methods of studying the environment changed. Forecasting is currently considered one of the most important “tools” for environmental management. Translated into Russian, the word “forecast” means foresight, prediction.
Therefore, a forecast in environmental management is a prediction of changes in natural resource potential and needs for natural resources on a global, regional and local scale
Forecasting is a set of actions that make it possible to make judgments regarding the behavior of natural systems and are determined by natural processes and the impact of humanity on them in the future.
The main goal of the forecast is to assess the expected response of the natural environment to direct or indirect human impact, as well as to solve problems of future rational environmental management in connection with the expected conditions of the natural environment.
In connection with the revaluation of the value system, the change from technocratic thinking to ecological, changes are also taking place in forecasting. Modern forecasts should be made from the standpoint of universal human values, the main of which are man, his health, the quality of the environment, and the preservation of the planet as a home for humanity. Thus, attention to living nature and people makes forecasting tasks environmental.
Types of forecasts. Based on the lead time, the following types of forecasts are distinguished: ultra-short-term (up to a year), short-term (up to 3-5 years), medium-term (up to 10-15 years), long-term (up to several decades in advance), ultra-long-term (millennia or more in advance). The lead time of the forecast, i.e. the period for which the forecast is given, can be very different. When designing a large industrial facility with a service life of 100-120 years, it is necessary to know what changes in the natural environment may occur under the influence of this facility in 2100-2200. No wonder they say: “The future is controlled from the present.”
Based on territory coverage, global, regional, and local forecasts are distinguished.
There are forecasts in specific branches of science, for example geological and meteorological forecasts. In geography - a complex forecast, which many consider general scientific.
Monitoring and its types.
What is monitoring? Remember what the human environment is.
Of great importance in organizing rational environmental management is the study of environmental management problems at the global, regional and local levels, as well as assessment of the quality of the human environment in specific territories, in ecosystems of various ranks.
Monitoring is a system of observations, assessments and forecasts that allows us to identify changes in the state of the environment under the influence of anthropogenic activities.
Along with the negative impact on nature, a person can also have a positive impact as a result of economic activity.
The monitoring includes:
Monitoring changes in environmental quality and factors affecting the environment;
Assessment of the actual state of the natural environment;
Forecast of changes in environmental quality.
Observations can be carried out based on physical, chemical and biological indicators; integrated indicators of the state of the environment are promising.
Types of monitoring. There are global, regional and local monitoring. (What is the basis for this selection?)
Global monitoring allows us to assess the current state of the entire natural system of the Earth.
Regional monitoring is carried out at the expense of the system’s stations, which receive information about territories subject to anthropogenic influence.
Rational environmental management is possible with the availability and correct use of information provided by the monitoring system.
Lecture No. 5
Soil erosion
Erosion is the main scourge of agriculture around the globe. Already in the 50s. of the current century in the USA, for example, out of 160 million hectares of arable land, up to 120 million hectares were affected by erosion. The erosion process is intense in tropical areas. In particular, in Madagascar, as a result of forest burning, 80% of the entire territory is subject to active erosion. In Russia, erosion is especially rampant in the forest-steppe and steppe zones. Every year, due to erosion, from 50 to 70 thousand km 2 of land are removed from agricultural use (more than 3% of exploited arable land per year). The area of ravines has increased over the past 10 years from 5 to 6.6 million hectares (for comparison: the area of Belgium, for example, is 3.1 million hectares).
You know that soil erosion is the process of destruction and removal of soil cover by water flows or wind. In this regard, a distinction is made between water and wind erosion. (What do you think are the causes of erosion?)
To stop the erosion process, it is necessary to carry out the following agrotechnical measures:
Non-mouldboard and flat-cut soil cultivation;
Plowing across slopes;
Chipping of plowed land and sowing of perennial grasses; - I regulation of snow melting;
Creation of field-protective, water-regulating and ravine forest belts;
Construction of anti-erosion ponds at the tops of ravines that accumulate runoff, earthen ramparts, and drainage ditches.
The structure of the soil is also disturbed as a result of the use of heavy equipment in the fields, compacting the soil layer with the force of its gravity, disturbing its water regime. The reduction of agricultural land can be compensated by its more intensive use, increasing productivity. In developed countries, chemicalization of agriculture is widely used for this purpose, one of the main directions of which is the introduction of all types of mineral fertilizers into the soil.
The centuries-old history of agriculture indicates that soil fertility is mainly associated with the reserve nutrients in it. It is known that with agricultural crops, a large number of nutrients from the soil. To enrich the soil minerals, apply fertilizers.
However, mineral fertilizers can be used only at certain times and in strictly defined quantities. Otherwise, the excess ends up in plants, groundwater, and reservoirs. It has been proven, for example, that when high doses of nitrogen fertilizers are applied, the concentration of nitrates in plants - feed and food products - increases. Once in the body, they are easily transformed into nitrites, which have toxic properties that can have carcinogenic, mutagenic and other effects.
Mineral fertilizers must be used as an addition to organic fertilizers, strictly monitoring their dosage and timing of application.
Chemicalization of agriculture also involves the fight against weeds, pests and diseases of agricultural crops. Underestimation of danger during development chemicals plant protection (pesticides) led to the widespread development of the production of pesticides and their excessive use. The use of chlorine-based pesticides is of particular concern. Until the 70s. DDT (dust) was widely used in the world, and only 10 years later it was found that it has the effect of accumulating in the body and causes severe diseases. Now new, no less dangerous toxic substances containing chlorine have appeared: dioxin, dibenzfuran, etc. Even in insignificant concentrations they suppress the body’s immune system, and in higher concentrations they are terrible carcinogens and mutagens.
The negative consequences of using various pesticides and mineral fertilizers are obvious. That is why the demand for environmentally friendly agricultural products is so urgent now. For this purpose, predominantly biological methods of plant protection are currently being developed and implemented. The transition to a new type of farming, combining the correct rotation of crops, the introduction of organic matter, biological methods of weed control, and increasing the resistance of crops to diseases is our near future. In the meantime, we need strict adherence to the standards and permissible concentrations for the use of pesticides, a ban on the most dangerous of them, and control over the state of air, water, soil, and products.
One of the most important measures to increase the productivity of land resources is reclamation - improving the properties of the soil by artificially regulating its air, water, thermal and other types of regime. Water reclamation has become most widespread.
Agricultural use of natural resources also includes livestock farming.
Livestock farming poses a risk of environmental pollution: a) accumulation of manure near farms, containing various microbes that cause diseases; b) lack of treatment of wastewater that pollutes groundwater and surface water; c) overgrazing of livestock; d) imperfection of technological processes.
Lecture No. 8
Topic 2.1 State and public measures to prevent destructive impacts on nature.
2. Environmental regulations and regulations for the rational use of the environment/
1. New ecological and economic approaches to environmental activities.
New ecological and economic approaches presuppose the material interest of the nature user in the implementation of environmental activities. The economic mechanism for environmental protection began to take shape in our country in the late 80s. Currently, new economic approaches are increasingly being used in the field of environmental protection.
The new structure of the economic mechanism combines both previously existing norms (natural resource cadastres, logistics, etc.) and new economic incentives (environmental funds, fees for the use of natural resources, environmental insurance, etc.).
State accounting of resources.
Such accounting is carried out according to unified system bodies of statistical accounting by types and subtypes of resources (land, water and other natural objects), their quantity and quality. Based on these data, state-level natural resource inventories are created.
A cadastre (French cadastre) is a systematic collection of data, including an inventory of objects or phenomena in some cases with their economic, environmental, and social assessment; contains characteristics of objects, their classification, data on dynamics, degree of study; may include recommendations for use, proposals for protection.
There is no unified cadastre of natural resources. Inventories are presented by type of natural resources and form a certain economic and legal structure.
There are land, water, and forest state cadastres; state cadastre of fauna; state cadastre of mineral resources.
The land cadastre (characteristics are given in the Land Code of the RSFSR of 1991, Article 110) includes the following basic information: qualitative composition of soils, distribution of land by category, land owners (owners, tenants, users). Land cadastral valuation data is used to determine payments for land and to assess land use.
Cadastre of mineral deposits (characteristics are given in the Law of the Russian Federation on Subsoil, Articles 30, 32). It is led by the Committee on Geology and Subsoil Use (Roskomnedra). The cadastre includes information about the value of each mineral deposit, mining, economic, and environmental conditions for their development.
Water cadastre. In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 23, 1994, the tasks of the state cadastre are as follows: current and prospective assessment of the condition of water bodies in order to plan the use of water resources, prevent the depletion of water sources, and restore water quality to the standard level. The leading organization here is Roshydromet. However, water use is controlled by Roskomvod, and groundwater is handled by Roskomnedra.
Forest cadastre. He is being led federal Service forestry under the Government of the Russian Federation and its local bodies (Rosleskhoz). In accordance with Art. 77 Fundamentals of forest legislation, the forest cadastre contains information about the legal regime of the forest fund, about the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the state of forests, about the group division and category of forests according to their protection, and an economic assessment of the forest is given.
The register of game animals is maintained by the Department of Hunting and Game Management, which is under the jurisdiction of the Russian Ministry of Agriculture and Nature. On the basis of this register, quantitative and qualitative records of animals of the hunting fund are maintained, and sharp restrictions on hunting are established for those species that show consistent trends towards population decline.
The register of fish stocks in quantitative and qualitative indicators for on-farm water bodies is compiled by the Fisheries Committee.
Financing of environmental activities
In a market economy, self-financing of enterprises of all forms of ownership comes first, which is carried out from the enterprise’s own funds, through loans, through environmental insurance. Some activities are financed by the state (the Federation, its constituent entities), municipal authorities, as well as through environmental funds and voluntary donations.
Loans for environmental activities can be provided by various banking systems, but there are also specialized environmental banks (in Perm - Ecoprombank, in Saratov - Povolzhsky Ecobank), giving enterprises the opportunity to finance their environmental activities.
Environmental insurance for individuals and legal entities provides compensation for damage in the event of an insured event provided for in the contract (environmental or natural disaster, accident, catastrophe). Payment of compensation is made from funds (funds), which are created from paid insurance premiums. An agreement is concluded for environmental insurance. The parties (the policyholder and the insurer) determine their rights and obligations, the objects of insurance, the procedure for paying insurance premiums and insurance compensation. Insurance can be compulsory or voluntary. But some businesses may not be entitled to insurance compensation if they were repeatedly warned about the possibility of an accident, but did not take any preventive measures. Thus, environmental insurance performs (economically) stimulating functions, encouraging enterprises to conserve natural resources and protect the natural environment.
State funding goes mainly to the implementation of targeted programs, to eliminating the consequences of man-made and environmental accidents and disasters, and to the construction of the most significant environmental structures (treatment plants, control and measuring instruments).
Environmental funds operate throughout Russia. The system of environmental funds includes the Federal Environmental Fund; funds of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; local (municipal) environmental funds. The funds are generated from fees for emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment; for the placement of waste and other disposal sites; funds received from claims for compensation for damage, as well as funds from the sale of confiscated hunting and fishing tools and illegally obtained with their help.
Environmental funds are spent on:
Activities aimed at improving the environment;
Carrying out activities and programs to protect the natural environment;
Scientific research;
Introduction of environmentally friendly technologies;
Construction of treatment facilities;
Payment of compensation to citizens for damage caused to health by environmental pollution
Limiting the use of natural resources is a system of environmental restrictions on territories, which represents the maximum volumes of use (withdrawal) of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment and disposal of production wastes established for a certain period of time by an enterprise-user of natural resources.
These limits are set for enterprises-users of natural resources by specially authorized state bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection. Nature use is limited in two areas:
Removal of natural resources from the environment (mining, water abstraction, etc.);
Introduction of substances and energy into the environment (discharges and emissions of pollutants, disposal of household and industrial waste, etc.).
For example, they set limits on water consumption for industrial consumption, norms for land allocation for highways, limits on catching animals, estimated cutting area, etc.
Additional payment is provided for excess consumption of natural resources. Thus, limits as a system of environmental restrictions economically encourage the user of natural resources to take care of the natural environment, reduce waste, reduce emissions of pollutants, and move to low-waste and resource-saving technologies.
Licensing of natural resources is carried out for almost all types of environmental activities.
A license is a permit issued to a natural resource user by a specially authorized state body in the field of environmental protection. It specifies: purposes of use, validity period, requirements for the rational use and protection of natural resources, use limits, payment standards and other conditions.
There are several types of licenses:
For the use of individual resources (land, water, subsoil, forests, wildlife);
On individual species activities (subsurface exploration, waste disposal, etc.);
For discharges and emissions of pollutants;
License for integrated natural resource management.
Payment for environmental use. The Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection” provides for payment not only for environmental pollution, but also for the use of natural resources.
According to Art. 20 of the law, fees for environmental use include:
Payment for the right to use natural resources (land, water, subsoil, etc.) within established limits;
Payment for environmental pollution, i.e. for emissions, discharges of pollutants, waste disposal within established limits;
Payment for pollution in excess of established limits.
Economic incentives for environmental protection
Economic incentives are aimed at ensuring that the user of natural resources has a financial interest in carrying out environmental protection measures and rational use of natural resources.
The main incentive measures are the following:
Tax (income tax, corporate property tax, land tax) and other benefits for the introduction of low-waste and non-waste technologies, construction of treatment facilities, and other environmental activities;
Tax exemption for environmental funds;
Establishment of increased depreciation standards for basic production environmental assets;
Application of incentive prices and premiums for environmentally friendly products;
Introduction of special taxation of environmentally harmful products and technologies;
Concessional lending for environmental activities.
3. Environmental regulations and regulations for the rational use of the environment
Environmental protection and rational use of natural resources is a complex and multifaceted problem. Its solution involves regulating the relationship between man and nature, subordinating them specific system laws, instructions and rules. In our country, such a system is established by law.
The legal basis for environmental protection in the country is the Federal Law of March 30, 1999 D52-FZ “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population”, in accordance with which sanitary legislation was introduced, including this law and regulations establishing safety criteria for humans, factors its habitat and the requirement to ensure favorable conditions for its life. The requirement for environmental protection is fixed in the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on the Protection of Citizens' Health (1993) and in the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” (1992).
The most important legislative act aimed at ensuring environmental safety is the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” (2002). The law establishes the right of citizens of the Russian Federation to a favorable living environment. The most important section of the Law “Economic Regulation in the Field of Environmental Protection” establishes the principle of payment for the use of natural resources. The law establishes the principles for regulating the quality of the natural environment, the procedure for conducting state environmental assessments, and environmental requirements for the location, design, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of enterprises. Certain sections of the law are devoted to environmental emergencies; specially protected areas and objects; principles of environmental control; environmental education; education and scientific research; resolution of disputes in the field of environmental protection; liability for environmental violations; procedure for compensation for damage caused.
Among other legislative acts in the field of environmental protection, the following should be noted:
1) Water Code of the Russian Federation;
2) Land Code of the Russian Federation;
3) Federal Law “On the Protection atmospheric air"(1999);
4) Federal Law “On Environmental Expertise”;
5) Law of the Russian Federation “On the Use of Atomic Energy”;
6) Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”.
Regulatory legal acts on environmental protection include sanitary standards and rules of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, ensuring the necessary quality of natural resources (air, water, soil).
The main type of regulatory legal acts on environmental protection is the system of standards “Nature Conservation”.
The Russian Federation Law “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” gives the consumer the right to demand that goods be safe for his life. It also gives government authorities the right to suspend the sale of goods if there is a threat to the health of citizens or the state of the environment. Laws on local self-government and taxation of legal entities reflect various benefits for reducing emissions, using clean technologies, etc.
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Lecture No. 9
Lecture No. 10
Topic 2.2. Legal and environmental liability of enterprises that pollute the environment.
1. Legal liability of enterprises for environmental violations
The impact of an enterprise on the environment and the negative consequences of its activities are regulated by maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere and water sources.
The regulation of pollutant emissions into the environment by an enterprise is a legal, scientifically based standard for the impact of the facility’s activities on the environment. It is expressed in the form of maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants released into the environment without negative impact on humans and nature. The maximum permissible norm is the legally established extent of the impact of pollution on nature.
Impact is an anthropogenic activity that results in a physical, chemical or biological harmful change being introduced into the natural environment.
Negative environmental changes usually result from disturbances state standards regulating the activities of enterprises.
Maximum permissible norms of environmental impact by the enterprise are regulated the following conditions:
Life safety of the population;
Preservation of the genetic fund;
Rational use and reproduction of nature.
Quantitative values of permissible concentrations of substances should be established on the basis of scientifically based standards and ensuring the environmental and economic interests of society.
Emission quality standards are assessed according to three main indicators: medical, technological and scientific-technical. Medical sets a threshold level of pollution for human health. Technological determines the level of technogenic impact on humans. Scientific and technical assesses the scientific and technical possibilities of complying with the limits of the impact of pollution on the environment.
It should be noted that the standards (MPC) should be focused on the economic capabilities of the enterprise. They must be realistically feasible. Tightening of norms leads to their non-compliance, legal disproportion: there are norms, but it is impossible to fulfill them. The standards in the Russian Federation are among the strictest in the world. However, they are violated most often.
Control over the source of harmful effects is carried out by comparison with the standard for maximum permissible emissions and discharges of harmful substances (MPE, MPD).
MPE is determined for each emission source. Sources of emissions and their values are established by supervisory and control authorities.
Draft standards for discharges and emissions are developed by scientific organizations taking into account proposals from self-government bodies and the public.
Environmental and legal liability for violations of environmental actions by an enterprise includes two elements. The first includes offenses arising from violations of environmental legal norms, the second - offenses under the sanctions applied for these violations: criminal, administrative, civil, etc.
All offenses are divided into misdemeanors and crimes.
A misdemeanor is direct or indirect intent, consisting of failure to implement action plans, violation of environmental quality standards, and failure to comply with environmental legislation. It is very important for the composition of a disciplinary offense if the violation of these rules and non-compliance with the requirements of regulations and legislation simultaneously act as a failure of employees to fulfill duties stipulated by their position or concluded employment agreement.
Environmental crimes are socially dangerous acts that encroach on the established environmental legal order, the environmental safety of society and cause harm to the environment and human health. Environmental crimes are expressed in violation of generally binding rules of environmental management and environmental protection.
The environmental and economic responsibility of the harm-doer is responsibility for harm caused by objective circumstances. The obligation to compensate it arises if this is stipulated by law.
In contrast to environmental and economic liability, which arises upon the very fact of causing harm, regardless of the presence of guilt in the actions of the harm-doer, environmental and legal liability for harm occurs only in the case when the harm caused is a direct consequence of a violation of environmental legislation. Its basis is not the fact of harm occurring, but the fact of committing an environmental offense. This responsibility is legal in nature with all the ensuing material and procedural consequences.
Compensation for harm caused as a result of an environmental offense is based on the principles of civil liability. Of these, the following principles are important for ecology:
A general obligation for the causer to compensate for the harm caused, regardless of other types of legal liability;
Full compensation for damage caused;
Responsibility of legal entities and citizens for damage caused by their employees to the natural environment in the performance of their duties job responsibilities;
Joint and several liability for harm to the natural environment;